Plantation Mistress Essay

In the book, â€Å"Plantation Mistress† (Clinton, 1984) by author Catherine Clinton, it seems that Clinton desires to express her disapproval for the manner in which women were treated so harshly.   She talks about maids brought to our country during the year 1620 and in Clinton’s writing, it is extremely interesting how she gathered her information for this book from letters that were written so many years ago, and even from diaries, suggesting that women from that ancient time period weren’t treated as equals in the deep South and in this slave era and time in our history, the author relays to her readers that there is evidence that cruelty did take place toward women and practices such as using females as workhorses shouldn’t have been acceptable in any time period. Also, many of these women referred to as mistresses weren’t taken care of properly and didn’t even receive the necessary and basic essentials, such as proper toiletries or fo od. They were treated like second class citizens and weren’t considered as good as men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We gather a   new appreciation for maids as we read Clinton’s writing and feel regret for those who had to suffer because of neglect and misunderstanding. Clinton teaches us that all humans were created as equals and all women and the slaves from that same time period were regarded less than human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s interesting to be able to read some of those old letters that were written so many years ago so that we have a greater appreciation for women who lived on these plantations in the deep South.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REFERENCE PAGE Clinton, Catherine. (1984). Plantation Mistress. Pantheon.

Computer Uses Essay

Today’s technology has changed the view of world. Among them computers are one of the best creations of the technology. Computers are the best closer look of new era’s technology. Computers are very useful in our routine life as a source of entertainment, as a medium of education and as a one way of business. First, Computers play a role of entertainer in our life. We can play a game on the computer. We can also download and upload games from the internet or from the game DVD. We can also enjoy music and movies too. For example, If you want to see movies, you can see it online through internet or you can see movie on DVD. Same way, if you like to listen music, you can upload songs from the CD or you get songs from online from the particular music sites. There are so many sites available on the internet like youtube.com, videoshare.com for the movies and video songs. This way we can get relaxation by using computers. Second is as a source of an education. Computers are the best companion for the students. Computer has many kind of services which can be helpful for the students for instance microsoft word, power point, HTML, java, etc. We can use microsoft word for writing purpose, we can use power point to make slide shows. Moreover, there are so many study sites available for online tutoring. It is really a very easy and cheap way for the study. You can find your any type of study related question to study online. In short, computers make study easy and interesting. Last but not least use of computer is as a medium of e-commerce. Today in our busy world people avoid to waste time for their shopping. Now a day consumers like to buy and sell their stuff online. Best example of online shopping is e-bay. On this particular site you get all necessary things like books, electric and electronic items, clothes etc. Moreover from e-bay, you can sell stuff too. I particularly love this site.

Reflection essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Reflection - Essay Example Those left have to learn to survive, and find the reason for their existence, or at least hope that fate will lead them to finding that reason. Fate just like love is an avalanche that hits when least expected, hurtling down at you, leaving you without an alternative, but to oblige to it. First, â€Å"Your Fate Hurtles Down at You† reflects more of the life that is comparable to the sting of cold in an icy setting. The setting of the story may not just have been a chance choice for the author to develop what he wanted to communicate to his readers, but must have been carefully considered to emphasize on his points. Davos is a place, perfect for research about ice and snow because of its geographical composition. Although some occurrences within the story took place in different localities, the settings are similar in that, they are prone to avalanches. This circumstance is what the author uses to emphasize the title of the story, used as a metaphor. Like an avalanche that falls anytime without warning, fate hurtles down inevitably on people, whether they like it or not. Moreover, the narration of the death of the storyteller’s twin brother, Willi, is a strong demonstration of how fate hurtles down on a person. He did not like to die, he was young, and in love with Ruth who was pregnant with their child. Nevertheless, he was destined to die young and as his death came suddenly and unexpectedly, this event and the cause of death portray the suddenness of how fate could hit an individual. On the other hand, the fate of Willi’s brother is to love the same woman Willi adored, Ruth. Despite the fact that Ruth showed interest on Willi more than his twin brother, the other did not stop loving her. This is Eckel’s fate, to love the woman who only loves his brother, and is not ready to love him even after his brother’s demise. This fate could be

Evidence Based Practices for Hearth Health Essay

Evidence Based Practices for Hearth Health - Essay Example Individual interventions and recommendations for women in the high-risk, intermediate-risk and low-risk categories for CVD have been summarized. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women – A Summary of Recommendations for Clinical Practitioners Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women has been subject to immense research as it is the leading cause of death for women in the US. The number of deaths due to CVD is higher for women than men. A majority of CVD deaths are attributed solely to coronary heart disease, which therefore is the major focus of most research. It is often seen that women with no previous history or recognized symptoms of CVD are often fatally susceptible to it. Most studies conducted with an objective to prevent the incidence of CVD in women highlight the fact that evidence-based practices are extremely vital for effective prevention of CVD. It is essential to take into account the "full range of available evidence" in order to de vise appropriate evidence-based practices for CVD prevention in a "diverse population of women" (Mosca et al., 2004, p. 673). Therefore, in their study, Mosca et al. attempted to develop guidelines for evidence-based practices for the prevention of CVD in women. ... ntion include "lifestyle interventions", "major risk-factor interventions", "preventive drug interventions", "atrial fibrillation/stroke prevention", and "Class III interventions". Lifestyle interventions include several interventions related to cigarette smoking, physical activity, etc. Women must be encouraged to abstain from smoking and also to avoid secondary smoking or environmental tobacco. About 30 minutes of physical activity (moderate intensity) such as brisk walking should be done on all days. Women who have had a recent coronary intervention or chronic angina should get involved in a "comprehensive risk-reduction regimen", which includes cardiac rehabilitation. They must be encouraged to maintain a healthy eating pattern complete with fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes etc, along with protein foods that are low in saturated fat. The intake of trans-fatty acids should be limited. Weight maintenance and reduction should be encouraged and a normal BMI and waist circumference s hould be maintained. Psychosocial factors such as depression, etc. should be regularly monitored and evaluated in women and they must be promptly treated whenever indicated. Supplementation of food intake with omega-3 fatty acids and folic acid is recommended for high-risk women. The interventions for major risk factors include maintenance of normal blood pressure through lifestyle changes, maintenance of an optimal blood pressure, apart from lipids and lipoproteins in blood. When the levels of LDL-C are elevated or in the case of high-risk women, life-style therapy and statin therapy are recommended. In case of women with diabetes, normal HbA1C should be maintained through lifestyle therapy and pharmacotherapy. Preventive drug interventions include the use of aspirin for high and medium

Personal Science Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Science Overview - Essay Example Science has different meanings to it and is vast. Keeping it general and not making it very complex, the things we observe with our ears relates to science; science describes how sound waves strike your eardrum and then the process gets complex. Science describes it all, and if there are answers to our everyday questions, science stands the only capable subject to fulfill the blank answer spaces. A conceptual subject always helps on attaining success and going high as compared to other relatively easier subjects that seem to be nice for the short span of time but have limited advantages in the future compared to the vast advantages of conceptual subjects like Science. When we talk about studying this subject, it opens a wide horizon for various different aspects and opportunities that we can avail due to the knowledge gifted to us as a result of this subject. Such an important subject obviously needs to be given greater importance and hence making that possible would require one to s pare more, even extra if needed, time in order to attain success in life. For a student with the inclination of opting for this essential subject, he/she should spare extra time working for it. At an initial level, the presence of ATLEAST two classes a day related to science would be essential for the student to develop the basic ideas and concept for his/her future to follow. One learns with experience. Teaching is an experience that grows with practice and a teacher always grasps the maximum knowledge only with due course of time, as then the teacher can come up with new ideas and extra knowledge for him/her to pass on to the young generation. Science is a subject that's related to our everyday life, and a master in this subject is given a high moral and ethical regard in the society. A person teaching science would consider himself/herself lucky to have been given this privilege or opportunity to learn more about the subject and not only be selfish enough to keep the knowledge just within himself/herself. Similarly like everyone else, same would be the case with me; I would feel privileged and take the opportunity to gain more knowledge about this amazing factual subject and to pass it on to my fellow beings. Pre-service courses are designed to provide initial teacher education to school leavers and others without tertiary qualifications in education who wish to qualify for appointment to the teaching service. These courses were certainly of great help to me to teach science, because of these courses my analytical mind became stronger and it became easier for me to understand the concepts of science myself and then to explain it to my fellow beings. These courses gave me an initial start to my teaching career in science. In today's modern world, as the use of science and technology is increasing at a massive rate it becomes more essential to include science in our everyday life more than mathematics reading or writing. The simplest of the tasks performed by us rely on the efficiency of science. Getting into too much detail would make the subject complex and difficult for a normal being to understand, but keeping it general the answer is transparent, science stands the subject capable of handling and answering more questions of everyday life than compared to mathematics readi

Propaganda and its effects in 20th century product design Essay

Propaganda and its effects in 20th century product design - Essay Example This is highly doubtful, as history has shown that the art, architecture and design movements have been hopelessly and inexorably intertwined. In fact, it would not be incorrect to say that the historical events of the 20th century, especially wartime and political propaganda, have had a profound and lasting effect not only on design, but also on the art, architecture and other aspects that influence the major diaspora of society. The Main Contributions to Design in the 20th Century In the 20th century the countries that made the news most of all were invariably also the nations that made the most contributions to design. The early 20th century was dominated by the Modernist movement and mass production via machines. For practical purposes, the Bauhaus School in Germany (1919-33) made some major contributions to simple designs for articles of common use such as furniture that could be mass produced. Its attitude towards simplicity could be summarized by Ludwin Rohe’s assertion : ‘Less is More’. In direct contrast to it emerged the Art Deco movement of the 1920s, with its emphasis on traditional cabined-making skills and materials such as steel and bauxite, became out of the reach of the common man and was labeled ‘elitist’ as only the rich were able to afford these pieces. The two decades after the Second World War (1950-70) also called the Mid century Modern Era were dominated by influences from Scandinavia, Italy and the USA (www.thenewgallery.co.il). They sought not only to use lightweight material but also bright and vibrant colors, dispelling the drab years of the War just gone by. Organic materials such as leather, steel, vinyl and others have resulted in their widespread use and adaptability to meet the needs of almost any household furniture. Industrial strength materials may be used for sturdier applications. The Uses and Influence of Propaganda Propaganda may be defined as follows: â€Å"Propaganda is the deliberate, s ystematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist† (Jowett & O’Donnell, 2006). Although the use of propaganda has been made before- primarily by kings and queens in swaying the public’s perceptions on certain issues, the 20th century saw the use of this as a weapon in the armory of many a political leader. Take Lenin and Stalin for instance. They used propaganda to overthrow Czar Nicholas of Russia and bring to fruition the Communist or Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Undoubtedly there were some historical and economic circumstances that came to their aid, but it is the skill of these leaders in manipulating these circumstances in their favor that makes propaganda such a potent weapon. Indeed, even fashion styles owe their catching on to propaganda, as they are first sold to the opinion leaders and elite of society and then orders are booked for cloth as the new fashion catches on through eyes, ears and advertisements (www.historyisaweapon.com). Propaganda was also well used in the era of the Third Reich, with Joseph Goebbels being Hitler’s main protagonist. He used propaganda not only to make Hitler look like a Savior and the answer to all of Germany’s troubles, but also later to further the Fuhrer’s own private ideas of an Aryan society and the mass annihilation of the Jews in the Holocaust. Propaganda has had its uses in times of peace as well. For example, Hitler’s vision of a prosperous Germany after the War included that every middle class German family would be able to afford a Volkswagen- that is why advertisements of the day showed it as a family car. Similarly, propaganda has been used by the British to rally support for investing in Government Bonds to

Why Do We Fight Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why Do We Fight - Coursework Example The USA conflict with the Al- Assad regime began way in 2012. In 2013, the region experienced a quest for regime change affecting most of the regions in the Middle East and Levant regions (Blanchard et al, 2014). The internal matters become a global issue once the passive powers got involved. The first internal conflict took place early in 2011 when rebels called for regime change and engaged with the existing government. This escalated into a civil war that left millions displaced. The issue destabilized the region. The Kurdish region of Kobani would stage another internal conflict that would draw international attention (Dunne, 2013). An uprising calling for independent Islamic states rose and affected the region. The USA and her allies called for joint efforts to curb this movement. This would, later on, escalate into USA- Syrian conflict. Dunne (2013) attributes the internal conflict to failures by the government to control activities within its borders. The loss of confidants fr om a given percentage of the Syrian created room for the rebels to advance in their activities. USA interests in the region Three major points drove the military actions against the region. The first point is to aid the rebel in ending the Al- Assad rule. This is enhanced by the fact that the current regime is opposed to the USA involvement in the Middle East. There was needed for a collaborative government in the region that would ensure the USA’s policies are executed with less resistance.

Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Genetics - Essay Example Genes are the basics of genetics (Nadeau & Dudley 2011, 1015). Genes are packed in bundles referred to as chromosomes. They are threadlike structures that are located inside the nucleus of a living being. For a human being, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes meaning that there are a total of 46 chromosomes (De Koning & Haley 2005, 386). Of these pairs of chromosomes, 1 pair is the sex chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual and their body characteristics. The other pair of chromosomes is referred to as autosomal chromosomes and their function is to determine the rest of the body make up. Gregor Mendel is referred to as the father of genetics due to his study of the inheritance in pea plants. A gene contains an allel that is inherited from both parents i.e. tongue roller and non-tongue roller are alleles for the ability to roll the tongue and more than two allels can exist for any specific gene but only two of them will be found in an individual. Allels may be similar or different and if they are identical for a gene are referred to as a homozygous. If the organism has two different alleles for a gene, it is a heterozygous. He hypothesized that these allels separate randomly during gametes production i.e. an egg and a sperm that will carry only one allel for the inherited trait. When they unit each gamete will contribute its allele restoring the paired condition of the offspring (Moore 2001, 21). This is referred to as the law of segregation. He also found out that each individual pair of alleles will separate independently of the other pair of alleles during the pro cess of gamete formation and referred this as the law of independent assortment. He also described that if the two allels of an inherited pair are different (heterozygous), only one will determine the organism’s appearance and will be referred to as the dominant allele while the other one is the recessive allele. He referred this as the

Hepatitis A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hepatitis A - Essay Example The most effective method to prevent the disease is the use of vaccination (Hall, William and Clarke, 34-36). The symptoms for the disease are clearly visible within two to six weeks of the entrance of the virus in the human body. In some children the symptoms may not be even visible. The symptoms usually last for less than 2 months and can persist for almost half a year. The symptoms usually include high fever, nausea, and loss of appetite, pain in the abdomen, jaundice, head ache, and other such symptoms. These mentioned symptoms are common to many other diseases as well and therefore in the initial stages it is usually diagnosed as some other disease and when the infection prolongs then it is correctly diagnosed. The virus which causes hepatitis A is present in the blood stream and therefore it affects liver the most. Hepatitis A is a serious disease and can even result in death. Liver is one of the most important organs of the body and its proper functioning is extremely necessary for the proper and healthy working of the body and as hepatitis A has a direct impact on the liver and its failure may even result in death. For the diagnosis of hepatitis A several blood tests are carried out and the entire medical history of the patient is observed so as to prevent from any wrong conclusions because it is a highly misdiagnosed disease. Several tests are carried out to test the liver conditions and x-rays and ultrasounds are carried out to properly examine the liver and make proper conclusions (Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 45-70). There is no proper treatment for the cure of hepatitis A. the only treatment is that the surrounding conditions of the patient are made extremely clean and hygienic and efforts are made to eliminate germs as much as possible. The diet of the patient is made healthy and highly nutritious and fatty products are completely eliminated and it is made sure

Data Communications Essay Example for Free

Data Communications Essay Repairs by Return is a successful company and offers a repair service for various electrical appliances including washing machines, dishwashers etc. The business is expanding, meaning taking on additional engineers who might need on-the-job training. The aim of our group is to advise the owner of Repairs by Return on the new technology and research on how well the technology can make the company more efficient and the communication between the staff and owner better. We will also recommend an appropriate solution. ` MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES Mobile tools and technologies have the capacity facilitate communication, keep employees informed in real-time and reduce hours once spent bound to a desk. However, along with the liberating aspects of an increasingly versatile workplace, mobility presents challenges for todays workers. Below are short descriptions of mobile technologies currently available. SMS Short Message Service (SMS) is a service available on most digital mobile phones that allows the sending of short messages, also known as text messages, or more commonly as SMS, texts or even txts) between mobile phones, other handheld devices and even landline telephones. Messages must be no longer than 160 alpha-numeric characters and contain no images or graphics. Picture Messaging Picture Messaging is a service, which allows users to send and receive messages that combine pictures with text and sounds from their phones. WAP Wireless Application Protocol is an open international standard for applications that use wireless communication allowing users to access information instantly via handheld wireless device e.g. internet access from a mobile phone, smart phones, two way radios etc. MMS Multimedia Message Service is the evolution of SMS. With MMS, a mobile device is no longer restricted to text-only messages. It can send and receive multimedia messages such as graphics, sound files, video clips or any combination of the above, within certain size limits. GPRS General Packet Radio Service is a protocol for passing data over a mobile phone network. With GPRS connection, the phone is always on and can transfer data immediately, and at higher speeds. 3G 3G is the generic term for third generation mobile phone technologies. It offers high speed connections enabling video conference and other applications which require broadband connectivity to the Internet. PDA Personal Digital Assistants are handheld devices that combine computing, telephone/fax, Internet and networking features. Originally designed as personal organisers but have now become much more versatile over the years. FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility study is aimed at viewing the ideas given to us by the owner and assessing whether they will help the company communicate effectively. We will also look at the limitations of the ideas. * Apprentice engineers asking for help silently to senior engineers GPRS allows instant connectivity (as long as there is radio coverage), meaning information can be sent/received immediately. Engineers can take picture(s) of the problem they cannot fix, write a little note with it, send it as an MMS to senior engineers, and receive an immediate reply without the customers realising. The problem with this will be that the engineer on the other side might be with a client and therefore, will not be able to reply immediately. Another problem could be that the reply received from the engineer may be inaccurate and unclear. Drawback of GPRS is the limited bandwidth and is particularly suited for sending and receiving small bursts of data. So when engineers do send pictures, the size of the message and picture will be limited. * Web access to manuals and diagrams GPRS also aims to deliver remote access type applications via a mobile network for businesses including data uploads and synchronisation, document sharing and collaboration, email and web browsing. Ideally, a wide variety of information can be delivered via a mobile device, overcoming the 160 character limitations of SMS. It is usually impossible to directly port a desktop application to a wireless to a handheld device; therefore, directly access most websites using a handheld device is difficult. Another problem the engineers might face is that typing on a cell phones tiny keys can be difficult and time consuming and the size of the screen is limited too. This could be a problem when an engineer is trying to download diagrams, as there will be problems with its clarity. * FAQs facility stored on mobiles One of the drawbacks on using GPRS is that it has slow data transfer rates. Although rates of 115 kbs (or more) have been quoted, the realistic speeds are 20 to 30 kbs can be expected. Applications can be used in a shared environment, and data sharing is made easier effectively like being connected to a Local Area Network (LAN). An important functionality of PDAs is the possibility of synchronising data with a contact database, such as MS Outlook hosted on corporate servers or a personal computer. The synchronised data ensures that the PDA has an accurate list of contacts, appointments and email. Critical to shared data access, synchronisation allows multiple clients to access, edit, and remove data records that a particular group of users may regularly use. As well as that, data input is a lot quicker on a personal computer. Therefore, transferring data to a PDA via the computer is a lot quicker than having to manually input it all on the handheld device. POTENTIAL USEFULNESS OF COMBINED MOBILE PHONES/PDAS, IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS BUSINESS We will now discuss the benefits of mobilisation to the business. * PDA from for capturing progress made A form can be created for the use on the PDA which will enable the engineers to capture progress while they are with clients, which could then be distributed over the network, noting the problems that they could not fix or if any additional parts are required. Each time the engineer collects heir PDA, it is pre-loaded with weeks progress form. Once the form is completed, the engineer can synchronise it when they get back to the office or using GPRS whilst out with the clients. The data can then be fed into a progress database, collecting the data from all the engineers. This will enable you to generate a project progress report automatically. The potential usefulness with mobile phones and PDA There are various other ways the business can use the technology to help their staff. As the workers are apprentices, they can use the technology by using i.e. the intranet to access the help guide. This is a good idea as the staff can learn while on duty and in their free time. It is also a good cost saver as they will not need to pay for a teacher and a class room, and it is also less time consuming. The PDA or some mobiles phones have a satellite navigation system built in to help the staff if they are travelling to any location which they have difficulty finding. It will give them clear directions and pinpoint the location to save time. RECOMMENDATIONS Having considered the ideas that have been brought forward by you, the technology would help to build a better relationship with the staff and also improved customer service. Before purchasing new technology, Repairs by Return will need to invest in training the staff to use the hand held device. We recommend using a mobile phone called the Treo 650 Smart phone; this is a combined technology of some of the features of a PDA and also most of the features of a mobile phone. Of the three ideas, we think that the best idea would be having a server or the intranet to access the manuals and diagrams from the mobile phone. This will give the staff the knowledge to solve any problems and also gives some secrecy as the customer will not realise that the engineer is asking for help. The idea of using the mobile phone to contact other experienced engineers is a good idea but may distract the other staff that may also be with a customer. The idea of having a FAQ database maybe a bad idea as the staff may not always find the most accurate answers to there questions. The database will have answers of the problems that have arose in the past but may not have new problems, this will mean that the information would have to be updated frequently so that it is up to date. The information will have to be stored so will take up the hard drive space which the staff may need to use for other information. This will mean that the business would need to purchase higher mega byte memory cards. This is an additional cost for the business. The intranet would be a good idea as the all the information is there; you do not need to store the information as it is on the intranet saving memory space. Although the information maybe hard to find as the staff would need to go through the manual to find what they are looking for. The technology of the smart phone will help the staff as the phone has the features of browser to search for any words or phrases on the web to located information much faster and have less time consumed looking through the whole manual. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS USED 1) Panko. R., Business Data Communications and Networking, Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition (2000) WEBSITES USED 1) http://www.voiceanddata.com.au/feature_article/item_022003a.asp 2) http://www.palm.com/us/products/smartphones/treo650/web.epl 3) http://web.ukonline.co.uk/p.boughton/wap.htm 4) http://www.my-xda.com/xda2_closer.html 5) http://www.reviewcentre.com/reviews90293.html GROUP LOG Group Names * 21 February 2006 ALLOCATION OF GROUPS 1) Manik Maih 2) Bijal Pandit 3) Ime Udoh All members exchanged phone numbers and e-mail addresses. We allocated tasks and said that we should research on mobile phones and PDA. Time allocated for research only Manik Miah 7 days Bijal Pandit 7 days Ime Udoh 7 days * 28 February 2006 All the group members conducted sufficient research needed to write the report, within the time given. There were plenty of books and internet print outs. All members looked and read through the research found and divided into files. We divided 3 ideas between us. Manik idea 1 Bijal idea 2 Ime idea 3 We then allocated the tasks of the report and the internet website. Bijal Part 1 and 2 Manik Part 3 and 4 Ime website, contents page, group log We met up every 3 days to check the progress of the report and to help any group members that are having difficulties. * 7 March 2006 All group members attended, and arrived on time. At this stage majority of the work was completed. Each member rotated the work around to ensure there were no more mistakes. We all contributed equally and suggested that the work was fine and additional work that needs to be done should. * 13 March 2006 The group had finished off all there tasks and got together to check over all the work. We then edited the website. Once the final touches were made, we printed out the work. GROUP AGREEMENT 4BIM504 Data Communications We, the undersigned members of this group, undertake to be bound by the following agreement: 1. to attend all group meetings on time, except when agreed by other group members in advance, or where a documented excuse is provided 2. to be well prepared for each meeting, ensuring that all relevant material is adequately researched and presented 3. to be actively involved in the work of the group, by contributing to the best of our abilities 4. to participate in the editing and preparation of the final report We agree that if a group member breaches these undertakings, then the group has the right to recommend a reduced mark for the individual concerned of up to 30% below the group grade. In this eventuality the group would submit reasons in writing to the seminar leader. We accept that the seminar tutor may require further information before making any penalty mark adjustments. We accept that the seminar tutors decision is final in these matters.

Love and Marriage in Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales

Love and Marriage in Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales Love and Marriage Insanities Making sense out of love and marriage ideals is not an easy task, especially as human actions in emotional circumstances do not follow any logic. It is a fact that has been proven consistently over time, across cultures and is also corroborated by many of the stories within Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales. In particular, The Knights Tale and The Millers Tale, that take place in two different social settings, make fun of conventional beliefs about love and marriage in the context of values such as bravery, street smartness, morality, and faithfulness. Through their plots, the narrators styles, and the contrast they set up between cherished and practiced values, the two tales highlight that human behavior in romantic situations is often unpredictable, crazy and colored by ones social class, confirming that there is no such thing as a model love or marriage. Although The Knights Tale plot is set in the halo of honor, chivalry and courtesy, the storys events and the characters actions show the silliness in how they treat love. As an example, the two cousins, Arcite and Palamon, are ready to kill each other for a woman neither of them has talked to. After escaping from the prison, Palamon discovers Arcites love for Emily and angrily challenges Arcite to a fight. Arcite responds, And I denounce all covenants that stand / Or are alleged, between you and me / remember love is free / And I will love her! I defy your might. (Chaucer 46) It is ironic that Arcite, who as a knight should keep his word and follow principles, is willing to break his earlier oath not to come in the way of his cousins love pursuit. Arcite justifies breaking his vow because as a free person he is not constrained whom he loves. He is willing to do whatever it takes to get Emily and doesnt care how strong Palamon is. Even though people can behave irrationally in matters involving love, both Palamon and Arcite are being stupid in this instance. Neither of them knows what Emily thinks. Isnt it exemplary love a two-way relationship? Whom are they courting and quarreling about? Are they willing to go to the extremes of killing each other for a woman who at this moment doesnt represent anything other than an image, symbol or trophy that theyve seen from a distance? What makes this even more bizarre is that Emily doesnt even want to get married. She prays to Goddess Diana, That I would be virgin all my life, / And would be neither mistress, no, nor wife. / of thy company, / A huntress walk the woodlands wild. (Chaucer 65) Emily doesnt like a mans company, prefers hunting and doesnt want to marry or bear children. This exposes the foolishness of what Arcite and Palamon were up to, even though they supposedly follow all the ideals of aristocratic class such as bravery, honor, bond and courtly love. The Knights Tale depiction of love is strongly influenced by its narrator, a knight, and his worldview. In the Prologue, the narrator is introduced as someone who followed chivalry, Truth, honour, generousness and courtesy. (Chaucer 4) Since in a knights world, bravery and physical fights resolve disputes, it is no wonder that in his story, a tournament clash is the best way to settle the rivalry between Emilys two suitors. She is no better than a trophy to be won in a contest. The King Theseus treats Emily, in the traditions of the aristocratic class, as a gift to win peace and harmony. Even though she apparently doesnt have any say, her suitors try to woo her with flowery language as per their traditions, customs and code of conduct. As an example, Arcite, while in prison, describes his feelings towards Emily to Palamon, And with a deep and piteous sigh he said: / The freshness of her beauty strikes me dead / Unless I at least see her day by day, / I am but dead (Chaucer 33) Arcit e is using fancy language to say that hell die if he doesnt the object of his love every day. Although the story represents love in flowery terms and as a bravery contest, reflecting the narrators perspective, the plot and characters actions speak of the irrational twists and turns in romantic pursuits. In contrast to the polished language and high-minded principles of the knights world, The Millers Tale depicts romantic situations in vulgar and comical tones, and in the process, makes fun of conventional dos and donts about love and marriage. As an example, the way Alison handles her two suitors, Nicholas and Absalon, is not only hilarious but also a not so subtle middle-class snub of the upper-class imposed view about love. When Alisons husband leaves for work, Nicholas tries to woo her with aggressive sexual advances. In response, she reacts, Swearing shed love him, with a solemn promise / To be at his disposal / When she could spy an opportunity. (Chaucer 91) She is so attracted to the street-smart Nicholas that she has no problems in being at his disposal. She just wants to wait for the right opportunity when it is safe for her to cheat on her husband. In stark contrast to falling for the physical advances of Nicholas, Alison refuses the dignified courtship of the parish clerk Absalon. Not only does she spurn his affection, she does so by tricking him to kiss her genitals. After this trickery, Teehee! she laughed, and clapped the, window to; / Off went poor Absalon sadly through the dark. (Chaucer 103) Alisons contrasting responses, towards her suitors, highlight the qualities, a middle-class girl like her, admires the most: street smartness, boldness and physical attraction represented by Nicholas. On the other hand, she humiliates Absalon, making a mockery of his gentlemanly approaches and sweet words. Further, by being part of an extra-marital affair, she is being unfaithful to her husband. She also participates in Nicholass scheme to deceive her naive husband, that ends up making him a laughing-stock of the town. When John fell from the boat and no one listened to him, Alison and Nicholas told the town people, That he was mad, Some sort of nonsense about Nowels Flood All started laughing at this lunacy. (Chaucer 105) This episode, in addition to her i nfidelity, was Alisons payback for her marriage with the much older carpenter and his extraordinary protective nature. Maybe, she was married to him because he was rich, a practice that was common in arranged marriages in the medieval middle class. The Millers Tale narrators drunkenness and middle-class perspective shapes his story in direct, crude, and vulgar terms. In the Prologue, he proudly states that One shouldnt be too inquisitive in life / Either about Gods secrets or ones wife. /Gods plenty all you could desire / better not enquire. (Chaucer 88) Through these words, the narrator expresses his view that men shouldnt care about their wives or Gods private affairs. There are lots of women in this world to choose from and men shouldnt ask about the rest. Maybe the narrator has loose morals. Or, his middle-class outlook conditions him to talk frankly about subjects like physical sex and infidelity. In the narrators real world, instant gratification is more practical than high-minded principles or morals. Its also an environment that rewards street smartness and land grab mindset of Nicholas and looks down upon the poetic verbiage of Absalon. In any case, the narrators choice of words and the substance of his tale sets up a significant contrast with the polished language and plot of the Knights Tale. Although the two tales, set in different social contexts, are influenced by their narrators style and language, both stories spotlight that there is no universal standard one can use to judge human actions in love and marriage. The Knights Tale, despite its depictions of idolized values such as honor, bravery, and courteousness, boils love down to essentially a competition instead of a two-way relationship. The Millers Tale, despite its vulgarity and crudeness, presents the day-to-day happenings in love and marriage in ordinary folks lives, in stark contrast to the ivory tower world of the aristocratic class. Both stories, however, confirm that human behavior in love and marriage circumstances is often moody, irrational and erratic. It is, therefore, foolish to make predictions about human behavior in such matters where ones heart rules the brain.

What is the effect on the audience of John Proctors decision in act 4? :: English Literature

What is the effect on the audience of John Proctors decision in act 4? How does miller build up tension and drama in this section? How is it still relevant to a modern audience? This essay is on the main importance of John Proctors decision and how Miller builds up a sense of tension (and also drama) throughout Act 4. I will also mention how relevant the play is in modern day times by discussing McCarthyism. Firstly, John Proctors decision in this section is quite simple, sign the agreement or not. But it is the way that this section influences the audience that is significant, because it gets the audience more involved. John has several problems with signing the agreement, for example in signing the agreement he signs his name away, in other words he will lose his reputation. We can learn that Proctor values his name, and sees it as the only thing he has left, apart from Elizabeth; â€Å"I have given you my soul, leave me my name!† This shows us, the audience which Proctor although is shown as a stern man through out the play, in this part he is shown as being emotional and considers his name as a symbol of self respect. Following on from the previous point, humiliation is used well to make us feel sorry for Proctor due to the fact that he is faced with his name and confession being pinned to the church door, the example of this is, when Proctor exclaims; â€Å"God does not need my name nailed to the church door† This helps us strengthen our beliefs that Proctor values his name. Proctor also has other reasons to struggle with his decision, mainly because the others involved are what we know as saints; Rebecca and Martha are very holy people, who believe that they should never lie, even though the consequences may be as extravagant as death, the two saints are holding out against the interrogation of Danforth, therefore John takes it into account that although he is not as holy as they are, to keep the faith, he must hold out, but, the audience gets a shock when John considers the agreement, this gives us an element of surprise and a will he wont he effect, making us watch even more avildly. Other influential things that help John make the decision, is the fact he has a family, he has two boys who he does ask questions about, not only does he ask about his two boys, but also he asks about his unborn child and his wife Elizabeth, who he cares for dearly; an example of

Portrayals of John Anderton Essay -- Minority Report Movies Entertainm

Portrayals of John Anderton Imagine a world in which the thought of murder is a thing of the past; a world that has successfully abolished the system of jails and fines with the aid of gifted individuals that can predict the future (Dick 72). Such a crime free world exists in Philip K. Dick’s famous short story, The Minority Report. Using the adaptation made by screenwriters, Scott Frank and Jon Cohen, DreamWorks was able to release the film version of Dick’s short story in 2002. Furthermore, this futuristic age film was directed by the famous director, Stephen Spielberg. The main focus of the short story and film surrounds the lead character John Anderton and his efforts to understand the minority report. In comparing the portrayal of John Anderton’s physical characteristics and the conspiracy surrounding him in the short story and film, one can clearly state that the character of John Anderton has been well adapted onto the big screen, even far more developed, than in the short story. The plot of the short story takes place in the future, in which three gifted individuals known as â€Å"precogs† or â€Å"precognitives† can view the future and prevent an act of murder from taking place. The precogs’ prediction allows a specially trained group of agents from the Precrime unit, a policing organization, to apprehend the future criminal, effectively stopping the criminal act (Landrith). In the short story the founder and the commissioner of the Precrime unit, John Anderton, experiences the other end of the spectrum as a criminal when he is suddenly accused of a future murder. He is allegedly going to kill an individual by the name of Leopold Kaplan, the General of the Army of the Federated Westbloc Alliance, an aboli... ...of John Anderton is well portrayed in Dick’s short story and in the 2002 movie version, the character seems to be far more developed in the movie than in the short story. Through his physical characteristics and the conspiracy that surrounds the character, the movie was able to bring forth a character that is appealing to the audience and engaging to watch on the big screens. In this writers’ opinion, Spielberg, Frank and Cohen made the right choice to portray John Anderton in such a heroic manner. Works Cited Dick, Philip. The Minority Report and Other Classic Stories by Philip K. Dick. New York, NY: Citadel Press Book, 1987: 71-102. Landrith, James. â€Å"The Minority Report: In Print and On Screen†. American Military University HM 214, Science Fiction and Fantasy. 12 April 2004. 24 Oct. 2004. .

Separation of Church and State in Latin America Essay -- Religion Gove

Separation of Church and State in Latin America Throughout Latin American history, the Roman Catholic Church has played a tumultuous role, from passive "soul saving" to aggressive revolutionary actions. As the countries have turned toward democracy the Catholic Church has had to recognize that along with modernization comes the promotion of two democratic ideals: the separation of Church and State and the endorsement of secularization. While many countries are still working toward a separation of Church and State, Costa Rica, a long-time democratic country, has continued to recognize Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the country and to look to church and clergy for support. Though the Costa Rican Church is removed from the political spotlight, it has not backed down from its doctrine and goals, and the Church and State have created a unique relationship that seems to benefit all peoples. Although the Catholic Church has varied somewhat throughout different parts of the world, the fundamental doctrines regarding social and behavioral expectations have remained relatively untouched. The ideals of tradition and purity still resound within the walls of Catholic churches everywhere. Catholicism is a religion based on ritual with precise words that are to be recited at every mass, baptism, communion, confession, and marriage ceremony. The only ingredient a good Catholic needs in order to share in these traditions and gifts of God is faith. Fortunately, the Church has formulated a number of rules to guide its followers down the difficult path to true faith. Like most Christian religions, the Catholic faith centers its beliefs on the Bible and the teachings of the early Church fathers. Certain parables are extracted ... ... Harold D. ed. Costa Rica: A Country Study, United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1983 Peeler, John A. Latin American Democracies, The University of North Carolina Press, 1985 Pope John Paul II. Opening Address at the Puebla Conference. January 28, 1979 Schall, James V. Liberation Theology, Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1982 Szulc, Tad. Pope John Paul II: The Biography, Scribner, New York, 1995 Tapscott, Stephen ed. Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1996 Wesson, Robert. Politics, Policies, and Economic Development in Latin America, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, 1984 Winn, Peter. Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and The Caribbean, Pathean Books, New York, 1992 The Merriam Webster Dictionary, Merriam Webster Incorporated, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1994

Family run business Wyncraft Essay

As a Family run business Wyncraft produces high quality decorative home wear, ranging from mainly wooden products as well as high quality pottery, decorative metals and table decorations. Wyncraft will produce these quality products by using wood from only sustainable Norwegian Forests to maintain the future of the business and the environment from which the products naturally and originally derive from. Objectives: Staff levels of Wyncraft – Wyncraft operates with different levels including: Technical – the practical job roles involved with production of goods, staff perform tasks set out by manager and supervisors etc. Workforce are usually without authority and controlled by managerial and community level staff. Staff at this level- * Jack in addition to one full-time and one part-time member of staff in the sanding and varnishing department * Fred, Albert (â€Å"Tub†) and JR (John Roberts) are hands on in the cutting department and 8 full-time production staff, * Despatch employees – 3 full time staff and one driver Graham * Part-timers and home workers – assembly assistance * Assistant/secretary Jean Hudson, * Yvonne human resources role, * Harry sales, personnel as well as the books Managerial – the technical level interrelates with the managerial level, which is concerned with the co-ordination and integration of work at the technical level. Generally supervisors/managers, the main role is to outline the specific requirements to the technical level form the community level. Other roles include dealing with customers, clients and suppliers. Staff at this level – * Harry manages and oversees all operations of the company providing him with high responsibility and authority. * Jack manages the sanding/varnishing department * JR oversees the production department Community – the board of directors, this level makes decisions of how the company is to be run by the other interrelated levels. They are responsible for the operation of the organisation as a whole they have authority to provide regulations/requirements in which the rest of the organisation must comply with. In addition this level interrelates with the managerial level to inform of such procedures. Staff at this level – * Harry * Jack * Albert * Fred All the brothers above are the owners/directors of Wyncraft where as Harry has more of a managing director role. Although the brothers are at the community level they do operate in the technical level and most operate in the managerial level too. The three levels community, technical and managerial can be represented in a diagram to show the interdependence and authority levels. The diagram highlights the fact that each level could not survive without the other levels. Wyncraft Memorandum To: Harry Roberts From: Ryan Johnson Date: 5/12/04 Re: The importance of good organisational structure Although there are many factors and constraints, which can affect a company structure there is a need to establish a framework of order and system of command by which the work to be undertaken is accomplished successfully. This implies that attention be given to the design and implementation of the company structure. â€Å"Structure can make or break an organisations† (Mullins 2002 p.536) Organisations are groups of people brought together for a specific purpose, for this to be achieved successfully people need to be organised within the best possible structure. (Mullins 2002) In relation to Wyncraft it is necessary to organise and formalise the company into a structure in order to expand successfully and attract and recruit new staff. Good organisational structure can be a means of dividing responsibilities and tasks equally and fairly amongst executives to ensure a simple, effective and functional process for Wyncraft. At present it would appear that Harry Roberts has a higher responsibility level than his co-owners, it can cause pressure for one person to have the majority share in responsibility. It is not good for the company or Harry to oversee all departments and company functions, the role should be shared to ensure that quality is being produced within Wyncraft. If there were shared roles in high responsibility tasks then this could guarantee service and production are of an acceptable standard for Wyncraft. Furthermore specialist staff within managerial department roles could provide Wyncraft with higher standards and production leaving the executives more time to concentrate on further selling and expansion. Wyncraft Proposed Organisation Chart There are many possible structures for organisations to use when considering producing an organisational chart, function, area, process, product and customer. * Function – most common structure used, involving the company being split up into departments or specialisations. * Area – used by large national or multinational businesses, the concept being that co-ordination is implemented from Head Office to ensure that efforts are not duplicated when different locations carry out similar activities. * Process – this is used when requirements for different skills are needed, for example when product is manufactured it passes through several stages requiring different skills for the stages of the process. * Product – This is used in large organisations or for companies that have wide product ranges. * Customer – this is used when a business has different types of customers who need different and specialised treatment or modified service or products. Most organisations will structure themselves in a way that a variety of structure options are used, different departments could be structured using a different format. In relation to Wyncraft it is appropriate to consider using chart structures that are relevant to its production and process. Although all options should be considered I propose that Process and Function are more practical in terms of Wyncraft. Looking at the above descriptions of structure options Product, customer and area can be ruled out, this is due to the size of the company being relatively small in comparison to large multinational companies and the product range generally quite limited. It is important to remember the main function of the company: production of environmentally friendly quality home wear, which leads on to the need for clear process and function management. Read more:  Family Run Business Proposed Process chart for Wyncraft: How Wyncraft’s product is manufactured requires different departments/functions with different skills etc. The diagram above illustrates the process in which the product is made which highlights the need for a clear functional process. With a sufficient functional chart or structure then the process above can be implemented. Departments such as personnel are necessary to be part of the company but are not necessarily part of the process involved in the production of the product. Therefore although personnel and marketing etc. need to be considered a separate structure chart is not necessary at this stage. Proposed function chart for Wyncraft: Organisation Functions An organisation consists of departments they usually take the following format: * Personnel – the function of Personnel is typically to control recruitment, provide staff training, promote legal and safety requirements and create policies and procedures. In relation to Wyncraft personnel Yvonne manages issues and although she does not work full time for the company she takes a leading role in this department. Harry oversees this department and manages this role if necessary to cover any period of time Yvonne is not present. Being a company that only employs 48 people many of the typical functions of a Personnel department are not carried out. The kind of issues Yvonne would deal with within Wyncraft would be the less formal and personal aspects of Personnel for example staff absence etc. * Production – typically the function of the production department includes manufacturing the product, establishes priority order for consumer demand, works within standards and budgets and maintains flow of production. In relation to Wyncraft the main focus for the company is production, the list above does reflect the function of this department in Wyncraft well. The production department is responsible for cutting; shaping, drilling and preparing all the wood used in the production of their home wear products. They are heavily reliant on machinery and control machinery maintenance and must adhere to safe practice as well as storing and controlling materials. * Sales – typically this department sells the product and continually looks to expand and increase sales for the company. In relation to Wyncraft Harry mostly undertakes this role and concentrates on targeting major department stores and smaller (high quality) independent china/gift stores. Sales for Wyncraft is different to most organisations as selling direct to customers would actually most likely loose custom for the company. Sales for Wyncraft are expanding overseas due to the success of their web page; the main function of this department now is to concentrate on expansion overseas to supplying to the major department stores. * Marketing – generally consists of establishing consumer demand, promotes the product, examines the market and conducts market research. In relation to Wyncraft it seems apparent that there is no actual department for this function. Harry oversees this role and perhaps as part of his sales he also implements some form of marketing, however as Wyncraft is a small company it is realistic that there is no specific marketing department. Strong client relationships with major department stores could provide Harry with enough knowledge on consumer demand and market research etc. * Finance – this department deals with all monetary aspects of the company. Typical roles include, balancing accounts, planning and expenditure, wage and salary administration and account management. In relation to Wyncraft Yvonne is responsible for wages and accounts Harry takes control of the company accounts, all companies no matter what size need to manage their accounts and obviously pay their staff. Wyncraft does not have a specific finance department due to the small size of the company. * Purchasing – this department would generally be in charge of buying in materials required for production. In relation to Wyncraft all wood is bought from sustainable Norwegian Forests and quantities are provided from the production department, the product range for Wyncraft is small and therefore no specific department is required to buy repeat materials. * Research and Development – this department usually provides improvement for production methods and processes through research, identifies new technology and researches new products. In relation to Wyncraft there is no research and development department although progress has been made on the technological aspect with the implementation of the successful web page. Interdependence between these departments can vary between companies in the case of Wyncraft where not many specific departments exist then it could be assumed that the dependence occurs without recognition. The finance department will provide obvious constraints to all departments because without funding they cannot function. The main function of Wyncraft is obviously production and without this the other functions would have no purpose. Sales department is reliant upon production and vice versa because without demand production is pointless and without production sales are not attainable. Relationships within Wyncraft: = Line relationship = Functional relationship = Staff relationship = Lateral relationship Staff can operate with more than one relationship an example of this is Harry who operates in a staff relationship with his secretary, a line relationship with JR and Jack Roberts and also a lateral relationship with many of the other members of staff.

Banking Practice & Guiding Laws Thereof on Ncc Bank

INTRODUCTION PART 1. 0 INTRODUCTION PART 1. 1 Origin of the Report This internship report entitled â€Å"Banking Practice & Guiding Laws thereof: NCC Bank Perspective. † has been started at the November 2011 under the instruction of our honorable intern supervisor & instructor Syed Shamsir Hossain. Asst. Vice President & Manager for the partial fulfillment of the requirement. 1. 2. Objectives of the report Main objective of the report is to analyze the â€Å"Banking Practice & Guiding Laws of NCC Bank Ltd. Moreover, the study also embodied the following specific objectives: 1)To study the existing operations/activities of General Banking Section 2)To study the existing operations/activities of foreign exchange section. 3)To study the existing operations/activities of loans and advance section. 1. 3 Methodology of the Study The methodological section of the study is designed as data collection: Methods of Data Collection The report was fully exploratory in nature. Data have be en collected from both primary and secondary sources.Primary sources of data †¢Face to face conversation with the bank officers & staffs. †¢Informal conversation with the clients Secondary sources of data †¢Different manuals of NCC Bank Limited †¢Different circulars of NCC Bank Limited †¢Annual report of NCC Bank Limited, (2008-09-10) †¢Prospectus of NCC Bank (2010) 1. 4 Limitation of the Report The present study was not out of limitations. But as an intern it was a great opportunity for me to know the banking activities of Bangladesh specially NCC Bank. Some constraints are appended bellow: The main constraint of the study is inadequate access to information, which has hampered the scope of analysis required for the study. As it is a new bank it could not start all its operation, it was unable to provide some formatted documents data for the study. ?Every organization has their own secrecy that is not revealed to others. While collecting data i. e. int erviewing the employees, they did not disclose much information for the sake of the confidentiality of the organization. ? Since the bank personals were very busy, they could provide me very little time. Another problem is that creates a lot of confusions regarding verification of data. In some cases more than one person were interviewed to clarify each concept as many of the bankers failed to provide clear-cut idea about the job they perform. AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL CREDIT AND COMMERCE BANK LTD. 2. 0 NATIONAL CREDIT AND COMMERCE BANK LTD. 2. 1 Introduction NCC Bank Limited is a new generation bank. It is a scheduled bank under private sector established under ambit of Bank Company Act, 1991 and incorporated as Public Limited company act, 1994 on 17th May 1993.Prior to conversion into a scheduled commercial bank; National Credit Limited (NCL) was incorporated as public limited investment company in Bangladesh on 18th November 1985. It made its journey with a modest beginning on 25th November 1985 at its registered office and first branch at 7-8 Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-1000. The initial Authorized Capital of the company was 30 (Thirty) crore consisting of 30 (Thirty) lac. Ordinary share of Tk. 100/- each. A new opportunity in this field of financial activities was opened for the business.NCL made a careful journey and maintained its successive growth for few years with its qualified professional management under most unpredictable, unregulated, uncertainties and limitations. The emergence of NCC Bank Limited at the Juncture of liberalization of global economic activities, after the URUGUAY round has been an important event in the financial sector of Bangladesh. The experience of the prosperous force and the strategic operational policy is the option of the bank. The company philosophy, â€Å"A Bank with vision† has been precisely the essence of the legend of Bank’s success. . 1. 1 NCC Bank- At Present Like clothes shops, candy shops, bake shops, food shops, NCCBL is not a â€Å"debt shop† the term being used by many to call the present say banks. It is now been called a modern bank that undertakes all its operation at international standard. Having standard its operation as a commercial bank in 1993, recording from some primary difficulties, NCC bank has now emerged as a major player in the financial sector. Listed in both Dhaka and Chittagong bourses since late 1999 with an IPO that raised the paid-up capital of the bank to Tk. 9 crore. Banks are the pillars of the financial system. Specially, in Bangladesh, the health of the banking system is very vital because the capital market is little developed here. As the banks are still the major sources of credit and exercise great influence on the financial system, it is extremely important that the country’s banking systems should be in good health in the interest of investment activities, meeting the needs of all kinds of finance and related matters.Over the years, NCC bank has built itself as one of the pillars of Bangladesh’s financial sector and is playing a pivotal role in the extending the role of the private sector of the economy. The bank has a strong branch network nation wide with 32 branches. i. 2. 1. 2 Exchange: NCCBL operates foreign exchange business promptly. There 13 branch deals with foreign exchange. 2. 1. 2 Nature of the business Mission of NCC bank We shall be the forefront of national economic development by: ?Anticipating business solutions required by all our customers everywhere and innovative supplying them beyond expectation. Setting industry benchmarks of world class standard delivering customer value through our comprehensive product range, customer service and all our activities building an exciting team-based working environment that will attract, develop and retain employees of exceptional ability who help celebrate the success of our business, of our customer and of national development. ?Mainta ining the highest ethical standards and a community responsibility worthy of a leading corporate citizen. ?Continuously improving productivity and profitability, and thereby enhancing shareholder value. . 1. 3 Vision To be in the front of national development by providing all the customers inspirational strength, dependable support and the most comprehensive range of business solution through our team of professional that work passionately to be outstanding in everything we do. 2. 1. 4 Goal of the Bank To share a significant portion of the banking sector’s by utilizing available manpower and also state of the art technology for maximizing the shareholders wealth. i. Long Term Goal To maximize the wealth of the shareholders. ii. Short Term GoalTo earn satisfactory rate of return on investment by providing wide range of banking service. 2. 1. 5 Board of Directors At present there are 26 members in the Board of Director. Out of 26 members 23 of them are the sponsor of the shareh older and 3 of them are publicly nominated as the equity participants from capital market have included them. However the members are obliged to maintain annul general meeting and declare the dividend payout schedule on due time. Moreover, the committee selected by shareholders represents individual body that then looks after the periodic issue with the management and tries to solve the problem. . 1. 6 Management of NCC BANK For any financial and non-financial organization, Management is the most valuable and important resources of any kind of organization. And, a well-organize management provides the organization to reach its ultimate goal. Management means planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling of all financial and non-financial resources of an organization. Different aspects of management practice in NCC BANK planning, organizing, staffing, directing & controlling, human resources practices and recruitment finally. 2. 1. Features of NCCBL Bank is an intermediar y institute. Like other commercial bank NCCBL also has some special features. They are as follows: ii. Legal Entity: It is compulsory matter for a bank to achieve legal entity. The stronger legal entity leads to effective banking program. NCCBL has a strong legal entity. iii. Organizational Structure: NCCBL has a well-set organizational structure. Organizational structure is a precondition of effective banking activities. iv. Financial Solvency: Though NCCBL is a new bank, its ratio of liquidity is well and strong.So, the clients get greater confidence in the bank. v. Location of The Bank: Location is very useful for bank. The Head Office and the branches of NCCBL are located in the central point of the capital and the other district towns. vi. Relation with the Central Bank: As the NCCBL is the government-registered bank, so it maintains a friendly behavior with the Bangladesh Bank. vii. Security: the NCCBL is totally a secured bank. The clients of the bank get a heavy security on their deposit. viii. Management of the Bank: The executives and the officers of NCCBL are very experienced.Maximum executives are ex-government bank officers. NCC bank is a progressive commercial bank in privet sector in Bangladesh. It creates a new opportunities for its clients. It gives customized service and harmonious banker-client relationship. It contributes towards formation of national capital, growth of saving and investment in trade, commerce and industrial sectors. It provides different types of commercial banking and services to the customer of all strata in the society with in the stipulation laid down in the Bank Company Act 1991. Rules and regulations ramed by the Bangladesh bank from time to time. 2. 1. 8 Business Operation National Commerce and Credit Bank Limited emerged as bank in the country on 17th May 1993 out of a great turbulent situation encounter by set while National Credit Limited. However the institution survived the ordeals and come out as a full-fledge d commercial bank. The company raised its Authorized Capital to Tk. 750 million as per guidelines set out by the Bangladesh Bank. The paid up capital was fixed at Tk. 480. 48 million as against Tk. 429. 00 million. 2. 1. 9 Trade Finance and Correspondent BanksSuccessful companies today are fully aware that they need to be able to rely on the services of a bank that can handle international trade with a good hand. Ever since its conversion into a full –fledged bank in 1993, NCC bank has been an accomplished â€Å"Trade Finance† bank. With a highly professional team experienced and competent professionals we are able to provide a wide range of services to companies engaged in international trade. NCC Bank has also positioned itself as an established correspondent bank. Through a worldwide network of 260 correspondent banks NCC Bank is present in all key areas of the globe.Our ambit of correspondent includes top ranking international banks with a global reach. 2. 1. 10. B ranches of NCCBL NCCBL has 87 (Eighty Seven) branches all over in Bangladesh. 2. 1. 11. Performance of the Bank The bank may sustain its strong image in the mind of the customers and shareholders as a leading financial institution despite serious competition from both local and foreign banks operating in the country. Sill they are increasing their profit. Its opening profit was Tk. 624. 94 million in 2003, which were Tk. 2371. 68 million after tax in 2010. 2. 1. 12 Authorize CapitalThe authorize capital of the bank is Tk. 10,000. 00 million in the year 2010. 2. 1. 13. Paid-up Capital The bank raises its paid-up capital from Tk. 480. 48 million to Tk. 4501. 25 million for 2002 to 2010. With the increase of paid-up capital the capital based of the bank has become strong. Reserve Fund and Other Reserves The reserve fund of the bank increased of Tk. 5771. 09 million in the year 2010 as against Tk. 4371. 62 million of previous year. 2. 1. 14 Corporate Mission †¢To provide high quali ty financial services in export and import trade. †¢To provide excellent quality Customer service. To maintain Corporate and business ethics. †¢To become a trusted repository of customers' money and their financial advisor. †¢To make our stock superior and rewarding to the customers/share holders. †¢To display team spirit and professionalism. †¢To have a Sound Capital Base. 2. 1. 15 Corporate Culture This bank is one of the most disciplined Banks with a distinctive corporate culture. Here we believe in shared meaning, shared understanding and shared sense making. Our people can see and understand events, activities, objects and situation in a distinctive way.They mould their manners and etiquette, character individually to suit the purpose of the Bank and the needs of the customers who are of paramount importance to us. The people in the Bank see themselves as a tight knit team/family that believes in working together for growth. The corporate culture we bel ong has not been imposed; it has rather been achieved through our corporate conduct. 2. 1. 16 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is the detailed study of an organization’s exposure and potential in perspective of its strength, weakness, opportunity and threat.This facilitates the organization to make their existing line of performance and also foresee the future to improve their performance in comparison to their competitors. As though this tool, an organization can also study its current position, it can also be considered as an important tool for making changes in the strategic management of the organization. Strengths: —NCC BANK Limited has already established a favorable reputation in the banking industry of the country. It is one of the leading private sector commercial banks in Bangladesh. The bank has already shown a tremendous growth in the profits and deposits sector. NCC BANK has provided its banking service with a top leadership and management position. — NC C BANK Limited has already achieved a high growth rate accompanied by an impressive profit growth rate in 2001. The number of deposits and the loans and advances are also increasing rapidly. — NCC BANK has an interactive corporate culture. The working environment is very friendly, interactive and informal. And, there are no hidden barriers or boundaries while communicate between the superior and the employees. This corporate culture provides as a great motivation factor among the employees. NCC BANK has the reputation of being the provider of good quality services too its, potential customers. Weaknesses: —The main important thing is that the bank has no clear mission statement and strategic plan. The bank doesn’t have any long-term strategies of whether it wants to focus on retail banking or become a corporate bank. The path of the future should be determined now with a strong feasible strategic plan. —The bank failed to provide a strong quality-recruitm ent policy in the lower and some mid level position. As a result the services of the bank seem to be Deus in the present days. _The poor service quality has become a major problem for the bank. The quality of the service at NCC BANK is higher than the Dhaka Bank, NCC BANK or Dutch Bangla Bank etc. But the bank has to compete with the Multinational Bank located here. —Some of the job in NCC BANK has no growth or advancement path. So lack of motivation exists in persons filling those positions. This is a weakness of NCC BANK that it is having a group of unsatisfied employees. __In terms of promotional sector, NCC BANK has to more emphasize on that. They have to follow aggressive marketing campaign. _The default risks of all term loans have to be minimized in order to sustain in the financial market. Because of default risk the organization may become bankrupt. NCC BANK has to remain vigilant about this problem so that proactive strategies are taken to minimize this problem if n ot eliminate. Opportunities: —In order to reduce the business risk, NCC BANK has to expand their business portfolio. The management can consider options of starting merchant banking or diversify into leasing and insurance sector. — The activity in the secondary financial market has direct impact on the primary financial market.Banks operate in the primary financial market. Investment in the secondary market governs the national economic activity. Activity in the national economy controls the business of the bank. —Opportunity in retail banking lies in the fact that the country’s increased population is gradually learning to adopt consumer finance. The bulk of our population is middle class. Different types of retail lending products have great appeal to this class. So a wide variety of retail lending products has a very large and easily pregnable market. — A large number of private banks coming into the market in the recent time.In this competitive environment NCC BANK must expand its product line to enhance its sustainable competitive advantage. In that product line, they can introduce the ATM to compete with the local and the foreign bank. They can introduce credit card and debit card system for their potential customer. —In addition of those things, NCC BANK can introduce special corporate scheme for the corporate customer or officer who have an income level higher from the service holder. At the same time, they can introduce scheme or loan for various service holders.And the scheme should be separate according to the professions, such as engineers, lawyers, doctors. Threats: —All sustaining multinational banks and upcoming foreign and private banks pose significant threats to NCC BANK Limited. If that happens the intensity of competition will rise further and banks will have to develop strategies to compete against these local and foreign banks. —Other commercial banks are offering higher salary that may create problem for NCCBL to retain their experienced managers and executives. ? MAJOR PRODUCTS OF NCC BANK LTD. 3. 0 PRODUCTS OF NCC BANKBefore discussion about products of NCC Bank, we have to understand what bank’s products are. Bank is a service oriented industry and deals with various financial products and services for financial gains. Financial products and services products that a bank offers to its customers are mainly classified as under: a)Deposit Products to generate funds. b)Lending products for financial gains c)Money Transmission products d)International business products e)Special fee earning service3s f)social services products Products that are marketing by NCC Bank are as under 3. 1. 1.Deposit Products Deposit is the lifeblood of a bank. From the history and origin of the banking system we know that deposit collection is the main function of a bank. Accepting deposits Procedures of collecting deposit procedure are almost same in the entire bank and the b ranches as well. The deposits that are accepted by NCC BANK like other banks may be classified into: †¢Current Deposit †¢Short term deposit †¢Saving Deposit †¢Fixed deposit †¢Special Saving Scheme Deposit (SSS) 3. 1. 2. Lending Products Bank has its own principle about the credit sanctioned or loan to the ustomers, but lending product of a bank or of a branch is equal important to verify the outstanding at the end of any fiscal year. Every bank pays special attention about their lending products, because these products are handed over on a regular basis. †¢Continuous Loan a. Secured Overdraft against Financial Obligation [SOD (FO)] Advances allowed to individual/firms against financial obligation (i. e. lien of FDR/PSP/BSP/Insurance Policy etc. ) and against assignment of works order for execution of contractual works fall under this head. It is a continuous advance facility.By this agreement, the banker allows his customer to overdraft his current acco unt up to his credit limits sanctioned by the bank. The interest is charged on the amount, which he withdraws, not on the sanctioned amount. NCC BANK sanctions SOD against different security. b. Secured Overdraft against Work order/ Real Estate etc [SOD (G)] Advances allowed against assignment of work order or execution of contractual works falls under this head. This advance is generally allowed for a definite period and specific purpose i. e. it is not a continuous credit. It falls under the category â€Å"others†. c. Cash Credit (Hypothecation)Advances allowed to individual /firm for trading as well as wholesale purpose or to industries to meet up the working capital requirements against hypothecation of goods as primary security fall under this type of lending. It is a continuous credit. It is allowed under the category (i) â€Å"Commercial Lending† when the customer is other than a industry and (ii) Working Capital when the customer is an industry. d. Cash Credit (Pledge) Financial accommodations to individual / firm for trading as well as sole-sale purpose or to industries as working capital against pledge of goods as primary security fall under this head on advance.It is also a continuous credit and like the above allowed under the categories (i) â€Å"Commercial Lending† and (ii) â€Å"Working Capital†. e. Export Cash Credit (ECC) Financial accommodation allowed to a party for export of goods falls under this head and is categorized as â€Å"Export Credit,† The advances must be liquidated out of export proceeds within 180 days. †¢Demand Loan Demand Loan: (Forced LIM, BLC, PAD, IBP etc). Overdue period will be accounted from the day following the date of expiry of such loan.? Less than 6 months ? 6 months or more but less than 9 months 9 months or more but less than 12 months ?More than 12 monthsUnclassified Sub-standard Doubtful Bad/loss 1% 20% 50% 100% a. Loan General Short term, Medium term & Long term loans al lowed to individual /firm /industries for a specific purpose but for a definite period and generally repayable by installments fall under this head . this type of lending are mainly allowed to accommodate financing under the category (a) Large & Medium Scale industry and (b) Small & Cottage Industry . Very term financing for (a) Agriculture & (b) Others are also included here . b. Demand Loan Against Ship breakingThis type of loans does not exercise in this branch, but being exercised to another branch that provide advances against ship breaking. c. Payment Against Documents (PAD) Payment made the bank against lodgment of shipping documents of goods imported through L. C. falls under this head. It is an interim advance connected with import and is generally liquidated shortly against payments usually made by the party for retirement of the documents for release of imported goods from the customs authority. It falls under the category â€Å"Commercial Lending† . d. Loan agains t Imported Merchandise (LIM)Advances allowed for retirement of shipping documents and release of goods imported through L. C. taking effective control over the goods by pledge in brokerage house under bank's lock & key fall under this type of advance. This is also a temporary advance connected with import which is known as post-import finance and falls under the category â€Å"Commercial Lending. † e, Loan against Trust Receipt (LTR) Advance allowed for retirement of shipping documents and release of goods imported through L. C. without effective control over the goods delivered to the customer falls under this head.The goods are handed over to the importer under trust with the arrangement that sale proceeds should be deposited to liquidate the advances within a given period. This is also a temporary advance connected with import and known as post-import finance and falls under the category â€Å"Commercial Lending†. g. Packing Credit Advance allowed to a party against specific L. C/firm contract for processing/ packing of goods to be exported falls under this head and is categorized as â€Å"Packing Credit. † The advances must be adjusted from proceeds of the relevant exports within 180 days. i. Foreign Documentary Bills Purchased (FDBP)Payment made to a customer through purchase/ negotiation of a foreign documentary bills falls under this head. This temporary advance is adjustable from the proceeds of the shipping/export documents. Its falls under the category â€Å"Export Credit† j. Local Documentary Bills Purchased (LDBP/IDBP) Payment made against documents representing sell of goods to local export oriented industries which are deemed as exports and which are denominated in Local currency/ foreign currency falls under this head. The bill of exchange is held as the primary security. This temporary liability is adjustable from the proceeds of the bills. . Festival Business Loan. This type of loan are generally sanctioned dependin g on the occasion, more than two festival business loans are generally sanctioned in an annum. †¢Term Loan a. Project Loan NCC BANK offers different conventional credit/investment schemes and the Banking products to their customers. So far loans and advances portfolio includes Project Finance in the form of Term Loan, Real Estate Finance, Secured Overdraft against FDR, different security certificates, working capital in the form of Cash Credit Hypothecation, Import Trade Finance in the form of PAD/LIM/TR etc.NCC BANK considers the loans, which are sanctioned for more than one year as term loan. Under this facility, an enterprise is financed from the starting to its finishing, i. e. from installation to its production b. Transportation Loan Considers the loans, which are sanctioned for the purpose of delivering the goods on to its final destination, its generally used in the form of inland exporting or back to back letter of credit. c. House Building Loan Loans allowed to indivi dual/ enterprise construction of house (residential or commercial) fall under this of advance.The amount is repayable by monthly installment within a specified period, advances are known as Loan (HBL GEN). d. Small Business Loan Short term and long term loans allowed to individual/ firms / industries for a specific purpose but a definite period and generally repayable by the installments fall under this head. These types of lending are mainly allowed to accommodate financing under the categories. Small and Cottage Industries, Very often term financing for agriculture and others are also included here. e. Consumer Finance LoanNCCBL keeping in mind the economic development and helping the fixed income group in fulfilling their demand to upgrade the standard of living will continue before consumer finance scheme for: †¢Household appliances, Furniture & Fixture, Air Conditioner, Fax Machine, motor cycle/Car, Cellular phone, and Other equipment f. Lease Finance NCCBL to keep its con tribution to the growth of national GDP, accelerate the total economic development by infusing the fund in productive sector in more efficient and effective way: diversity its portfolio and satisfy the customers need would go for lease finance for: Setting up of small and cottage industries/Projects, BMRE of existing projects †¢Transports (roads/marine), Medical equipment/surgical/clinical/lab equipment/x-ray machine etc, Construction equipment and other fixed assets of other productive and service oriented ventures. g. Personal Loan To meet emergency financial requirement especially for medical treatment/surgical operation, marriage, admission of children/ educational expenses, maternity the loan facility may be extended. 3. 1. 3. Money transmission Product Carrying cash money is troublesome and risky.That’s why money can be transferred from one place to another through banking channel. This is called remittance. Remittances of funds are one of the most important aspect s of the Commercial Banks in rendering services to its customers. †¢Payment order/security deposit receipt (PO/SDR): This term will be discussed in the overall activities section under remittance department. †¢Demand Draft (DD): This term will also been discussed in the overall activities section under remittance department. †¢Telegraphic Transfer (TT): This is also a common term that in the remittance section as well. . Travelers Cheque Traveler’s Cheque (TC)Issue of TCTC is useful to traveler abroad. Customers can encash the TC in abroad from the drawee bank. TC is alternative to holding cash and it provides better security than holding cash in hand. Buying Of TCIf any unused leaf of TC is surrendered bank buys it from the customer. All payments are made in local currency. Banks generally buy only those TC. 3. 1. 4. International Business Products In banks when we talk of international business products, we refer to the general mechanism by which a bank conve rts currency of one country into that of another.Foreign Exchange Department (FED) is the international department by which a bank or an AD branch transects with other international bank or of a brach. Bangladesh Bank issues license to scheduled banks to deal with foreign exchange. These banks are known as Authorized Dealers. If the branch is authorized dealer in foreign exchange market, it can remit foreign exchange from local country to foreign countries by transacting their international business products. So NCC BANK, Principal branch is an authorized dealer. †¢Letter of Credit (L/C) †¢Back to back Letter of credit (BTB L/C) Buying and selling of foreign exchange †¢Foreign demand draft (FDD) Foreign Demand DraftBank issue Demand Draft in favor of purchaser or any other according to instruction of purchaser. The payee can collect it for the drawee bank in which the Issuing bank of Demand Draft holds its NOSTRO Account. Bank also makes payment on DD drawn on this ba nk by its foreign correspondence bank through the VOSTRO Account. †¢Foreign telegraphic transfer (FTT) Outward remittance covers sales of foreign currency through issuing foreign T. T. Drafts, Travelers Check etc. as well as sell of foreign exchange underL/C and against import bills retired. 3. 1. 5. Special fee earning products NCC Bank considers the special earning product to the different consumer, as it to play a comprehensive role in financing the bank product. Among those following are some issues relate to special fee earning product: †¢Bank guarantee †¢Foreign bank Guarantee (F. B/G) †¢Underwriting †¢Brokerage House and locker Service †¢Issuances of Sanchaya Patra, Wages Earners Development Bond, National Investment Bond, Prize Bond are some special earning fee product of NCC bank. 3. 1. 6. Social Service ProductsNCC Bank Considers several service products by looking at the social point of view, At this competitive edge, banking might have reach ed to preserve its market share and to penetrate new market share through diversification of its product range. Following are the services that are designed to provide for society: †¢Sale of Lottery Tickets for collection of fund for social establishment †¢Collection of Zakat Fund †¢Collection of Haj Deposit 3. 2 CREDIT POLICY & CREDIT OPERATION OF NCCBL Credit policy is a guideline of a financial institution to determine- †¢Who shall get credit (eligibility to get loan) How much to lend (Amount of lending) †¢Why to lend (Purpose of lending) †¢Where to finance (Portfolio Management depending upon profitability and requirement for participation on socio –economic benefits) Credit division of a bank especially acts as a key financial machine to haunt for earning revenue of a bank to achie3ve its ultimate goal for profut maximization with minimal risk maintaining balanced portfolio management. 3. 3 WHERE TO FINANCE (FINANCING ACTIVITIES OF NCC BANK) Financial activities of a bank depend upon its portfolio management of its funds through deposit.Our lending policy would be within the broad policy frame work envisaged above. Bank’s lending activities may be classified into the following broad segments. 1. Trade and Commerce 2. Industries 3. Lease Financing 4. Consumer Financing 5. Real Estate & Civil Construction 6. Agro based 7. Small Business Loans 8. Personal Loans 3. 4 Security Policies The term loans, if any extended by the bank shall gave to be secured by first charge mortgage on the fixed asset coverage leaving a margin of at leas 25% depending upon the viability of the project.Consideration in this regard will vest purely on viability criteria irrespective of bank client-relationship. The determinants in this respect are debt service coverage, debt-equity ratio, and fixed coverage to term loan with a margin of 25-30% minimum. The working capital may be additionally covered by 1st charge mortgage of the fixed asset or by sharing first mortgage ranking PARIPASU with the financial institutions providing term loan. Decision is this regard shall be at the sole discretion of the bank. GENERAL BANKING OF NCC BANK LTD. 4. 0 FUNCTIONS OF NCC BANK LIMITED 4. 1 GENERAL BANKINGGeneral banking department is the heart of all banking activities. This is the busiest and important department of a branch, because funds are mobilized, cash transactions are made; clearing, remittance and accounting activities are done here. Since bank is confined to provide the services everyday, general banking is also known as ‘retail banking’. In NCC BANK LTD Principal Branch, the following departments are under general banking section: A)Account opening section B)Deposit Section C)Cash Section B)Remittance section C)Clearing section D)Accounts section 4. 1. 1 A) ACCOUNT OPENING SECTIONAccount opening is the gateway for clients to enter into business with bank. It is the foundation of banker customer relationshi p. This is one of the most important sections of a branch, because by opening accounts bank mobilizes funds for investment. Various rules and regulations are maintained and various documents are taken while opening an account. A customer can open different types of accounts through this department. Such as: 1. Current Deposit. 2. Savings account. 3. Short notice deposit (SND) >Types of Accounts with Terms and Conditions Current Deposit Current account is purely a demand deposit account.There is no restriction on withdrawing money from the account. It is basically justified when funds are to be collected and money is to be paid at frequent interval. Some important points have been discussed in the project part. Savings Bank Account This deposit is primarily for small-scale savers. Hence, there is a restriction on withdrawals in a month. Heavy withdrawals are permitted only against prior notice. Some Important Points have been discussed in project part. SND (Short Notice Deposit) Acco unt Normally various big companies, organizations, Government Departments keep money in STD account.Frequent withdrawal is discouraged and requires prior notice. The deposit should be kept for at least seven days to get interest. The interest offered for STD is less than that of savings deposit. Interest is calculated based on daily minimum product and paid two times in a year. Interest rate is 6. 00%. Table-01 > Account Opening procedure Step 1The account should be properly introduced by Any one of the following: ? An existing Current Account holder of the Bank. ?Officials of the Bank not below the rank of an Assistant officer. ?A respectable person of the locality well known to the Manager/Sub-Manager of he Branch concerned. Step 2Receiving filled up application in bank’s prescribed form mentioning what type of account is desired to be opened Step 3? The form is filled up by the applicant himself / herself ? Two copies of passport size photographs from individual are taken, in case of firms photographs of all partners are taken ? Applicants must submit required documents ?Application must sign specimen signature sheet and give mandate ? Introducer’s signature and accounts number – verified by legal officer Step 4Authorized Officer accepts the applicationStep 5Minimum balance is deposited – only cash is accepted Step 6Account is opened and a Cheques book and pay-in-slip book is given >Documents required for opening account ? Individual / Joint Account 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Identity (copy of passport). 4. Joint Declaration Form (For joint a/c only). 5. Employee’s Certificate (in case of service holder). ? Partnership account 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3.Partnership letter duly signed by all partners (Sign should be similar as stated in Partnership Deed). 4. Partnership Deed duly certified by Notary public. 5. Registration (If any). 6. Updated Trade license. ? Proprietorship account 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Valid copy of Trade License. 4. Rubber stamp. 5. TIN number certificate. 6. Identity (Copy of passport). 7. Permission letter from DC/ Magistrate (in case of newspaper) ? Limited company 1. Introduction of the account. 2.Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the Introducer. 3. Valid copy of Trade License. 4. Board resolution of opening A/C duly certified by the Chairman/Managing Director. 5. Certificate of Incorporation. 6. Certificate of Commencement (In case of Public limited company). 7. Certified (joint stock) true copy of the Memorandum and Article of Association of the Company duly attested by Chairman or Managing Director. 8. List of directors along with designation & specimen signature. 9. Latest certified copy of Form – xii (to be cert ified by register of joint stock companies) (In case of Directorship change). 0. Rubber Stamp (Seal with designation of each person) 11. Certificate of registration (In case of Insurance Company – Obtained from department of Insurance from the Peoples Republic of BD). ? Club / societies account 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the Signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Board Resolution for Opening A/C duly certified by President/ Secretary. 4. List of Existing Managing Committee. 5. Registration (if any). 6. Rubber Stamp. 7. Permission letter from Bureau of N. G. O. (In case of N. G. O. A/C). >Closing of an accountThe closing of an account may happen, ?If the customer is desirous to close the account, ?If the NCC BANK finds that the account is inoperative for a long duration. ?If the court of NCC BANK issues garnishee order. A customer may close his/her account any time by submitting an application to the branch. The customer should be asked to d raw the final check for the amount standing to the credit of his/her account less the amount of closing an other incidental charge and surrender the unused check leaves. The account should be debited for the account closing charge etc. nd the authorized officer of the bank should destroy unused check. In case of joint account the application for closing the account should be signed by the joint account holder. The fee for closing of an account is Tk. 50. 4. 1. 2 B) LOCAL REMITTANCE Carrying cash money is troublesome and risky. That’s why money can be transferred from one place to another through banking channel. This is called remittance. Remittances of funds are one of the most important aspects of the Commercial Banks in rendering services to its customers. Types of remittance: ?Between banks and non banks customer Between banks in the same country ?Between banks in the different centers. ?Between banks and central bank in the same country ?Between central bank of different customers. The main instruments used by the NCC BANK of remittance of funds are ?Payment order (PO) ?Demand Draft (DD) ?Telegraphic Transfer (TT) So the basic three types of local remittances are discussed below: Table- 02 PointsPay OrderDemand DraftTT ExplanationPay Order gives the payee the right to claim payment from the issuing bankDemand Draft is an order of issuing bank on another branch of the same bank to pay specified sum of money to payee on demand.Issuing branch requests another branch to pay specified money to the specific payee on demand by Telegraph /Telephone Payment fromPayment from issuing branch onlyPayment from ordered branch Payment from ordered branch Generally used to Remit fund Within the clearinghouse area of issuing branch. Outside the clearinghouse area of issuing branch. Payee can also be the purchaser. Anywhere in the country Payment Process of the paying bankPayment is made through clearing 1. Confirm that the DD is not forged one. 2. Confirm with sent advice 3. Check the ‘Test Code’ 4. Make payment1.Confirm issuing branch 2. Confirm Payee A/C 3. Confirm amount 4. Make payment 5. Receive advice Charge Only commissionCommission + telex chargeCommission + Telephone Term Deposit Receipt The Local Remittance section of NCC BANK Motijheel Branch also issues TDR. They are also known as time deposit or time liabilities. These are deposits, which are made with the bank for a fixed period, specified in advance. The bank need not maintain cash reserves against these deposits and therefore, the bank offers higher of interest on such deposits. †¢Term Deposits: These rates are not negotiable.In this table we can find out the percentage that is given by the bank for specific period of time to the customer. 4. 1. 3 CLEARING SECTION The amount of Cheques, Pay Order (P. O), and Demand Draft (D. D) Collection from other banks on behalf of its customer is a basic function of a Clearing Department. †¢Clearing: Clearing is a sys tem by which a bank can collect customers fund from one bank to another through clearing house. †¢Clearing House: Clearing House is a place where the representatives of different banks get together to receive and deliver Cheques with another banks. Normally, Bangladesh Bank performs the Clearing House in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna & Bogra. Where there is no branch of Bangladesh Bank, Sonali bank arranges this function. †¢Member of Clearing House: NCC BANK limited is a scheduled Bank. According to the Article 37(2) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, the banks which are the member of the clearinghouse are called as Scheduled Banks. The scheduled banks clear the cheque drawn upon one another through the clearinghouse. †¢Types of ClearingA)Outward Clearing: When the Branches of a Bank receive cheques from its customers drawn on the other Banks within the local clearing zone for collection through Clearing House, it is Outward Clearing. B)Inward Clearing: When the Ba nks receive cheque drawn on them from other Banks in the Clearing House, it is Inward Clearing. †¢Who will deposit cheque for Clearing: Only the regular customers i. e. who have Savings, Current, STD & Loan Account in the bank can deposit cheque for collection of fund through clearing house. †¢Responsibility of the concerned officer for the Clearing Cheque and being work with department, following are the issues )Crossing of the cheque. 2)(Computer) posting of the cheque. 3)Clearing seal & proper endorsement of the cheque. 4)Separation of cheque from deposit slip. 5)Sorting of cheque 1st bank wise and then on branch wise. 6)Computer print 1st branch wise & then bank wise. 7)Preparation of 1st Clearing House computer validation sheet. 8)Examine computer validation sheet with the deposit slip to justify the computer posting 9) Copy of computer posting in the floppy disk. †¢Bills Collection: In modern banking the mechanism has become complex as far as smooth transaction and safety is concerned.Customer does pay and receive bill from their counterpart as a result of transaction. Commercial bank’s duty is to collect bills on behalf of their customer. Types of Bills for Collection i. Outward Bills for Collection (OBC). ii. Inward Bills for Collection (IBC). What is OBC? OBC means Outward Bills for Collection . OBC exists with different branches of different banks outside the local clearinghouse. Normally two types of OBC: 1)OBC with different branches of other banks 2)OBC with different branches of the same bank Procedure of OBC: 1)Entry in the OBC register. 2)Put OBC number in the cheque. ) â€Å"Crossing seal† on the left corner of the cheque & â€Å"payees account† will be credited on realization â€Å"seal† on the back of the cheque with signature of the concerned officer. 4)Dispatch the OBC cheque with forwarding. 5)Reserve the photocopy of the cheque, carbon copy of the forwarding and deposit slip of the cheque in the OBC file. Inward bills for collection (IBC) When the banks collect bills as an agent of the collecting branch, the system is known as IBC. In this case the bank will work as an agent of the collection bank. The branch receives a forwarding letter and the bill. Procedure of IBC 1.IBC against OBC: To receive the OBC cheque first we have to give entry in the IBC Register . The IBC number should put on the forwarding of the OBC with date. 2. Deposit of OBC amount: OBC cheque amount is put into the â€Å"sundry deposit-sundry Creditors account†, prepare debit & credit voucher of it. If the OBC cheque is honored, send credit advice (IBCA) with signature & advice number of the concern branch for the OBC amount. 3. If the OBC cheque is dishonored, the concerned branch is informed about it. 4. Again place in the clearing house or send the OBC cheque with Return Memo to the issuing branch according to their information. . 1. 4 D) ACCOUNTS SECTION Accounts Department is called as the n erve Centre of the bank. In banking business, transactions are done every day and these transactions are to be recorded properly and systematically as the banks deal with the depositors’ money. . Improper recording of transactions will lead to the mismatch in the debit side and in the credit side. To avoid these mishaps, the bank provides a separate department; whose function is to check the mistakes in passing vouchers or wrong entries or fraud or forgery.This department is called as Accounts Department. If any discrepancy arises regarding any transaction this department report to the concerned department. Besides these, the branch has to prepare some internal statements as well as some statutory statements, which are to be submitted to the Central Bank and the Head Office. This department prepares all these statements. Workings of this department: †¢Packing of the correct vouchers according to the debit voucher and the credit voucher †¢ Recording the transactions in the cashbook. Recording the transactions in general and subsidiary ledger †¢Preparing the daily position of the branch comprising of deposit and cash †¢Preparing the daily Statement of Affairs showing all the assets and liability of the branch as per General Ledger and Subsidiary Ledger separately †¢Making payment of all the expenses of the branch †¢Recording inters branch fund transfer and providing accounting treatment in this regard. †¢Preparing the monthly salary statements for the employees †¢Preparing the weekly position for the branch which is sent to the Head Office to maintain Cash Reserve Requirement (C.R. R) †¢Preparing the monthly position for the branch which is sent to the Head Office to maintain Statutory Liquidity Requirement (S. L. R) †¢Make charges for different types of duties †¢Preparing the budget for the branch by fixing the target regarding profit and deposit so as to take necessary steps to generate and mobilize deposit. †¢Checking of Transaction List †¢Recording of the vouchers in the Voucher Register 4. 2 E. FOREIGN EXCHANGE Foreign exchange is the means and methods by which rights to wealth in a country’s currency are converted into rights to wealth in another country’s currency.In banks when we talk of foreign exchange, we refer to the general mechanism by which a bank converts currency of one country into that of another. Foreign Exchange Department (FED) is the international department Bangladesh Bank issues license to scheduled banks to deal with foreign exchange. These banks are known as Authorized Dealers. If the branch is authorized dealer in foreign exchange market, it can remit foreign exchange from local country to foreign countries. So NCC BANK, Principal branch is an authorized dealer. There are three kinds of foreign exchange transaction:A)Import B)Export C)Remittance. 4. 2. 1 A) IMPORT To import, a person should be competent to be an importerâ€℠¢. According to Import and Export Control Act, 1950, the Office of Chief Controller of Import and Export provides the registration (IRC) to the importer. In an international business environment, buyers and sellers are generally unknown to each other. So seller of goods always seeks security for the payment of his exported goods. Bank gives export guarantee that it will pay for the goods on behalf of the buyer if the buyer does not pay. This guarantee is called Letter of Credit.Thus the contract between importer and exporter is given a legal shape by the banker by ‘Letter of Credit’. 4. 2. 1. 1>Letter of Credit †¢ Definition A letter of credit is a letter issued by a bank (know as the opening or the issuing bank) at the instance of its customer (known as the opener) addressed to a person (beneficiary) undertaking that the bills drawn by the beneficiary will be duly honored by it (opening bank) provided certain conditions mentioned in the letter gave been complied w ith. Table- 03 ImporterWho applies for L/C Issuing BankIt is the bank which opens/issues a L/C on behalf of the importer.Confirming Bank It is the bank, which adds its confirmation to the credit and it, is done at the request of issuing bank. Confirming bank may or may not be advising bank. Advising or Notifying Bank It is the bank through which the L/C is advised to the exporters. This bank is actually situated in exporter’s country. It may also assume the role of confirming and / or negotiating bank depending upon the condition of the credit. Negotiating Bank It is the bank, which negotiates the bill and pays the amount of the beneficiary. The advising bank and the negotiating bank may or may not be the same.Sometimes it can also be confirming bank. Accepting BankIt is the bank on which the bill will be drawn (as per condition of the credit). Usually it is the issuing bank. Reimbursing BankIt is the bank, which would reimburse the negotiating bank after getting payment â₠¬â€œ instructions from issuing bank. 4. 2. 1. 3 †¢ Steps for import L/C Operation – 8 steps operation Step 1 – Registration with CCI&E †¢For engaging in international trade, every trader must be first registered with the Chief Controller of Import and Export. †¢By paying specified registration fees to the CCI&E. he trader will get IRC/ERC (Import/Export Registration Certificate), to open L/C with bank, this IRC is must. Step 2 – Determination terms of credit †¢The terms of the letter of credit are depending upon the contract between the importer and exporter. The terms of the credit specify the amount of credit, name and address of the beneficiary and opener, tenor of the bill of exchange, period and mode of shipment and of destination, nature of credit, expiry date, name and number of sets of shipping documents etc. Step 3 – Proposal for Opening of L/C To have an import LC limit an importer submits an application to department to NCC BANK.The proposal contains the following particulars: †¢Full particulars of the bank account †¢Nature of business †¢Required amount of limit †¢Payment terms and conditions †¢Goods to be imported †¢Offered security †¢Repayment schedule Step 4 – Application by importer to the banker to open letter of credit †¢For opening L/C, the importer is required to fill up a prescribed application form provided by the banker along with the following documents: Table- 04 1. L/C Application form 7. Authority to debit account 2. Filled up LCA form 8. Filled up amendment request Form 3. Demand Promissory Note 9. IMP form 4. ro-forma invoice 10. Insurance cover note and money receipt. 5. Tax Identification number 11. Membership certificate 6. Import registration certificate 12. Rate fluctuation undertaking Step 5 – Opening of L/C by the bank for the opener: †¢Taking filled up application form from the importer. †¢Collects credit report of exporter from exporter’s country through his foreign correspondence there. †¢Opening bank then issues credit by air mail/TELEX/SWIFT followed by L/C advice as asked by the opener through his foreign correspondent or branch as the case may be, at the place of beneficiary.The advising bank advises the L/C to the beneficiary on his own form where it is addressed to him or merely hand over the original L/C to the beneficiary if it is so addressed. Step 6 – Shipment of goods and lodgment of documents by exporter: †¢Then exporter ships the goods to the destination of the importer country. †¢Sends the documents to the L/C opening bank through his negotiating bank. Generally the following documents are sent to the Opening Banker with L/C: Table- 05 1. Bill of Exchange 6. Packing List 2. Bill of Lading 7. Advice Details of Shipment 3. Commercial Invoice 8. Pre-shipment Inspection Certificate . Certificate of Origin 9. Vessel Particular 5. A certificate stating t hat each packet contains the description of goods over the packet. 10. Shipment Certificate Step 7 – Lodgment of Documents by the opening Bank from the negotiating bank: After receiving the documents, the opening banker scrutinizes the documents. If any discrepancy found, it informs the importer. If importer accepts the fault, then opening bankers call importer retiring the document. At this time many thing can happen. These are indicated in the following: †¢Discrepancy found but the importer accepts – no problem occurs in lodgment. Discrepancy found and importer not agreed to accept – In this case, importer protest and send back all the documents to the exporter and request his to make in the specified manner. Here banker is not bound to pay because the documents send by exporter is not in accordance with the terms of L/C. †¢Documents are OK but importer is willing to retire the documents – In this case bank is obligated to pay the price of exp orted goods. Since importer did not pay for bill of exchange, this payment by bank is one kind of credit to the importer and this credit in banking is known as PAD. Everything is O. K. but importer fails to clear goods from the port and request bank to clear – In this case banks clear the goods and takes delivery of the same by paying customs duty and sales tax etc. So, this expenditure is debited to the importer’s account and in banking it is called LIM. Step 8 – Retirement The importer receives the intimation and gives necessary instruction to the bank for retirement of the import bills or for the disposal of the shipping document to clear the imported goods from the customs authority.The importer may instruct the bank to retire the documents by debiting his account with the bank or may ask for LTR (Loan against Trust Receipt). 4. 2. 1. 4 †¢ Accounting Procedure in case of L/C Opening When the officer thinks fit the application to open a L/C, giving the f ollowing entries- creates the following charges- Table- 06 ParticularsDebit/ CreditCharges in Taka Customer’s A/CDebit L/C Margin A/CCredit Commission A/C on L/CCredit50% VATCredit15% on commission SWIFT ChargeCredit3000/= DatamaxCredit1000/= StampCredit150/= PostageCredit300/= DHL/CourierCredit1500 4. 2. 1. †¢ Amendment of L/C After opening of L/C some time’s alteration to the original terms and conditions become necessary. These amendments involve changes in a. Unit price b. Extension of validity o the L/C c. Documentary requirements etc. Such amendments can be affected only if all the concerned parties agree i. e. the beneficiary, the importer, the issuing bank and the advising bank. For any amendment the importer must request the issuing bank in writing duly supported by revised indent/ Proforma invoice. The issuing bank then advises the required amendment to the advising bank.L/C amendment commission including postage is charged to the clients A/C. 4. 2. 1. 6 >Loan against Trust Receipts (LTR) †¢ Advance against a Trust Receipt obtained from the Customers are allowed to only first class tested parties when the documents covering an import shipment or other goods pledged to the Bank as security are given without payment. However, for such advances prior permission/sanction from Head Office must be obtained. †¢ The customer holds the goods or their sale-proceeds in trust for the Bank, till such time, the loan allowed against the Trust Receipts is fully paid off. The Trust Receipt is a document that creates the Banker’s lien on the goods and practically amounts to hypothecation of the proceeds of sale in discharge of the lien. 4. 2. 1. 7>Loan Against Imported Merchandise (LIM) Advance (Loan) against the security of merchandise imported through the Bank may be allowed either on pledge or hypothecation of goods, retaining margin prescribed on their Landed Cost, depending on their categories and Credit Restriction imposed by the Bangladesh Bank. Bank shall also obtain a letter of undertaking and indemnity from the parties, before getting the goods cleared through LIM Account. 4. 2. 1. >Payment Procedure of Import Documents This is the most sensitive task of the Import Department. The officials have to be very much careful while making payment. This task constitutes the following: †¢ Date of Payment Usually payment is made within seven days after the documents have been received. If the payment is become deferred, the negotiating bank may claim interest for making delay. †¢ Preparing Sale Memo A sale memo is made at B. C rate to the customer. As the T. T & O. D rate is paid to the ID, the difference between these two rates is exchange trading. Finally, an Inter Branch Exchange Trading Credit Advice is sent to ID. Requisition for the Foreign Currency For arranging necessary fund for payment, a requisition is sent to the International Department. †¢ Transmission of Message Message is transmi tted to the correspondent bank ensuring that payment is being made. 4. 3. 2 B) EXPORT 4. 3. 2. 1>Understanding The goods and services sold by Bangladesh to foreign households, businessmen and Government are called export. The export trade of the country is regulated by the Imports and Exports (control) Act, 1950. There are a number of formalities, which an exporter has to fulfill before and after shipment of goods.The exports from Bangladesh are subject to export trade control exercised by the Ministry Of Commerce through Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI & E). No exporter is allowed to export any commodity permissible for export from Bangladesh unless he is registered with CCI & E and holds valid Export Registration Certificate (ERC). The ERC is required to be renewed every year. The ERC number is to be incorporated on EXP forms and other documents connected with exports. 4. 3. 2. 2 The formalities and procedure of Export L/C 1. Obtaining exports LC: To get export LC for m exporter issued by the importer. . Submission of export documents: Exporter has to submit all necessary documents to the collecting bank after shipping of goods 3. Checking of export documents: After getting the documents banker used to check the documents as per LC terms 4. Negotiation of export documents: If the bank accepts the document and pays the value draft to the exporter and forward the document to issuing bank that is called a negotiating bank. If the bank does buy the LC then the bank normally acts as collecting bank. 5. Realization of proceeds: This is the period when the issuing bank has realized the payment. 6.Reporting to the Bangladesh bank: As per instruction by Bangladesh bank the bank has to report to respective department of Bangladesh bank by mentioning latest payment. 7. Issue to proceeds realization certificate (PRC): Bank has to issue proceed realization certificate of export LC to the supplier / exporter for getting cash assistance 4. 3. 2. 4>Back-To-Back L/C It is simply issued to the clients against an import L/C. Back-to-Back mechanism involves two separate L/C. One is master Export L/C and another is Back-to-Back L/C. On the strength of Master Export L/C bank issues bank to Back L/C.Back-to-Back L/C is commonly known as Buying L/C. On the contrary, Master Export L/C is known as Selling L/C. †¢ 4. 3. 2. 5 Features of Back to Back L/C †¢An Import L/C to procure goods /raw materials for further processing. †¢It is opened based on Export L/C. †¢It is a kind of Export Finance. †¢Export L/C is at Sight but back to Back L/C is at Usance. †¢No margin is required to open Back to back L/C †¢Application is registered with CCI&E †¢Applicant has bonded warehouse license. †¢L/C value shall not exceed the admissible percentage of net FOB value of relative Master L/C. †¢Usance period will be up to 180 days. The import L/C is opened for 75% of the value of Export L/C. †¢Here L/C issued agains t the lien of export L/C. †¢Arrangements are such that export L/C matures first then out of this export profit, import L/C is paid out. †¢ 3. 3. 2. 6 Documents Required for Opening a Back-to-back L/C In NCC BANK Principal Branch, following papers/ documents are required for opening a back-to-back L/C- 1. Master L/C 2. Valid Import Registration Certificate (IRC) and Export Registration Certificate (ERC) 3. L/C Application and LCAF duly filled in and signed 4. Proforma Invoice or Indent 5.Insurance Cover Note with money receipt 6. IMP Form duly signed In addition to the above documents, the followings are also required to export oriented garment industries while requesting for opening a back-to-back L/C – 1. Textile Permission 2. Valid Bonded Warehouse License 3. Quota Allocation Letter issued by the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) in favor of the applicant for quota items. †¢ Payment of back to back l/c: In case back to back as 60-90-120-180 days of maturity perio d, deferred payment is made. Payment is given after realizing export proceeds from the L/C issuing bank. 4. 3. 2. >Negotiation of Export Documents Negotiation stands for payment of value to the exporter against the documents stipulated in the LC. If documents are in order, NCC BANK purchases (negotiates) the same on the basis of banker- customer relationship. This is known as Foreign Documentary Bill Purchase (FDBP). If the bank is not satisfied with the documents submitted to NCC BANK gives the exporter reasonable time to remove the discrepancies or sends the documents to L/C opening bank for collection. This is known as Foreign Documentary Bill for Collection (FDBC) entered into the Foreign bill Purchased (F.B. P) register. The documents are sent to the L/C opening †¢ Presentation of export documents for negotiation/Purchase: After shipment, exporter submits the following documents to NCC BANK for negotiation. †¢Bill of exchange †¢Bill of Lading †¢Invoice †¢Insurance Policy/Certificate †¢Certificate of Origin †¢Inspection Certificate †¢Consular Invoice †¢Packing List