Human resources: Job Examples Essay

Respond to the following: Give examples of jobs that you believe rate highly on the five core job characteristics and explain why. During my research I feel that teachers rate highly on the five core job characteristics. Skill Variety: This means there is a perceived variety and complexity of skills and talents required to perform the job. * A teacher motivated by Skill Variety may say something like this: â€Å"People don’t understand what I do. They think I just grade homework, give tests, and enter grades.† Task Identity: Which means the teacher perceives her work’s place in the district’s larger plan. * A teacher motivated by task identity may make comments like this: â€Å"I work in a good school district. Our students graduate with a solid education.† Task Significance: The job is perceived to affect the well-being of others. * Teachers know that their work is important, but it doesn’t hurt to have others agree occasionally. The teacher with the â€Å"If you can read this, thank a teacher,† bumper sticker on his car is motivated by Task Significance. Autonomy: The teacher perceives an opportunity to employ personal initiative in order to do the work. * In an era when laws, standards, and political agendas dictate what needs to happen in the classroom, teachers feel less control over what they can do. The teacher motivated by autonomy may exclaim, â€Å"I am a professional. I know what it takes to do my job.† Feedback from the Job: The teacher feels that he gets accurate information about his job performance. * Everyone likes a job well done. A teacher who is motivated by feedback will talk about student performance saying things like, â€Å"Look at how well my students are doing. Respond to the following: Describe considerations for Sportsman’s human resource management practices following its shift in competitive strategy. The HRM practices will help support the company’s competitive strategy. Sportman’s is trying to sale the shoes at a lower cost compared to the competitors and still make a great profit. The HRM will be the orchestrator and will get the ball rolling. The main idea of HRM is to distribute the functions of personnel department over a large amount of people making everybody responsible for something and decreasing the costs. The human resource management is very useful for  companies to achieve their goals. Describe the kinds of challenges Sportsman will face specifically in the area of compensation. Assess these challenges, indicate which one will be the most important, and explain why. Sportsman will face challenges in many areas such as, putting the right person in the right job. This would be for the current employees. Since the current employees have already been employed with the company they now could possibly be in a new role. Sportsman would have to offer seniority pay for the employees that are currently working for the company and for the new hires Sportsman would probably offer some type of incentive pay that will welcome the new hires to the company.

P1 -Unit 8: Business Communication Through Documentation

Unit 8: Business Communication through Documentation Title: Identify, using examples, the purposes of written business communications in four different business contexts Written Business Communications Introduction: John Lewis, as a business, was founded in 1864 when it was just a shop  on  Oxford Street, which expanded over the years to become the third largest retailer in the UK. John Lewis is a Public Limited Company, this means that anyone with the right capital can buy (or sell) their shares within the business, in order to become a share-holder and receive dividends from profits.In addition, as a business, John Lewis sells various products and has a variety of over 80,000 products ranging from clothes to furniture, in order to suit and cater to the needs of any of their customers . Furthermore, in this assignment I will be investigating the retailer John Lewis and its operations; in order to determine examples of effective written business communications, with the use of do cumentation. Written Business Communications Effective communication within a business (John Lewis) is essential, in order to ensure their success and profitability.But Firstly, What is Communication? Communication can be defined as â€Å"the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another† [2]. This means that without communication, information or ideas cannot be utilized and no aspect of John Lewis can function properly. For example, if the delivery department cannot communicate with individual stores; therefore this means that John Lewis can’t coordinate with the individual stores, in order to determine what new stock is needed at any particular time.This results in John Lewis being unable to restock their stores properly, meaning products not needed are delivered for example. As a result, John Lewis looses out on potential customers and repeat sales, because consumers who wanted to purchase a specific product couldn’t due to the stock u navailability, leading to a loss in potential sales, repeat sales and profits for the business in the short and long term. Secondly, communication within John Lewis happens in various different methods, such as written, verbal and electronic.However in this assignment we will only be discussing the written communication aspects of John Lewis. There are various written documentation which are communicated throughout john Lewis. For example, letters, memos, text, faxes and emails are just some of the formal or informal communication methods used by businesses in the modern age. A written business document is a way of getting a message across internally and externally by employees or customers of John Lewis. There are various ways of written communication that are used by businesses.For example, depending of the situation an employee of john Lewis may need to contact their branch manager and the quickest, but maybe not the most formal way of doing so, would be by texting them [3]. Addi tionally, there are many forms of written communication, such as agenda’s, e-mails, letters, memorandums, reports, notices and minutes. A written business document is used as a type of communication as it is seen as a more formal and professional way to communicate internally and externally within a business.Purposes of Written Communication Most businesses understand that communication is crucial for successful business operations. The ways we conduct our business activities is changing rapidly, as a result communication, especially written has become essential, in order to deliver messages and information to any aspect or individual within the business. As a result, if used successfully the purpose of written communication, in my opinion, is to deliver information, in order to coordinates and establish successful business activities.This leads to an increase sales, and an increase in the profit in the long term for John Lewis. The purpose leads to the crucial question why d o we use written communication? Written communication can be used in various ways, depending on the sender and receiver of the information. For example, a manger will inform the owners or directors, by producing a written report telling them which products are selling better than other’s within a period of time. This form of written communication will be strictly professional and formal, informing them about changes in the business and there actives.However if an employee wanted to inform another member of staff about other issues then they could just email or text them, meaning a simpler, reliable and effective written communication process. Furthermore, it’s not only the internal customers but also external consumers who can communicate in a written manner with john Lewis. For example, a customer would communicate in a written manner with john Lewis if they have a complaint with any aspect of the business; such as a faulty product, leading to a customer having to ema il John Lewis regarding replacement of the product.In addition, a customer can also communicate with John Lewis because they have an inquiry to make regarding products or services provided by them. These are just some of the various reasons that customer make written enquires to John Lewis. Types of Written Communication Business Context| Document| Context(manager-employee or employee-costumer )| Purpose| Formal| Letter| Supplier to John Lewis,| To make an appointment to see the manager about supply of raw materials needed to produce the products in the production department of John Lewis. | Formal| Agendas | Set out topics to be covered at a meeting.An manger will send it to the employees he wants to come to the meeting | Usually sent out before a meeting to all the people that are meant to attend and inform attendees| Formal| Reports| Information, research and analysis on a specific aspect of a business,| Provides detail to help the businesses with decision making. So the purpose of this will be to inform an employee | Formal| Minutes of the meetings| A record of what actually took place at a meeting between manager and employees | It also records who attended the meeting, what was discussed nd how long and when the meeting took place and to confirm meeting feedback| Informal | Memorandums| They are mainly used for quick communication within a business, college to college | They are short, simple information meant to get your message across within a business, to the receiver and its purpose is to inform a staff member of manager what is going to happen or needs to happen | Formal | Schedules| Schedules are lists of planned activities or tasks that need to be completed and could be used between staff and managers | It is almost like a plan for the business, which can come in many forms such as lists or timetables and it is used to instruct people what to do | Informal | Notices| Important information on displays, or boards in order to inform employees or anyo ne associated with the business for example the marketing department and employees | This is done in order to notify and display general information which should be accessible to all members of staff. | The table above shows the various types of written communication methods, and their purposes. ConclusionIn conclusion I would state that this assignment has highlighted the importance of communication and especially the importance of written communication within John Lewis. Also I have discovered the various types of communication and why the different parties (such as customer, employees, suppliers) involved would use each method that suited their needs, as explained within the assignment. Bibliography – 1. NW-Link http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadcom. html Accessed on 24/09/2012 2. E-How http://www. ehow. co. uk/info_7785121_types-written-business-communication. html Accessed on 24/09/2012 3. E-How http://www. ehow. com/about_5563166_purpose-business-communicatio n. html Accessed on 24/09/2012 4. John Lewis http://www. johnlewis. com/ Accessed on 24/09/2012

Discuss the importance of dreams Essay

He compares them with other people who had dreams of owning a farm. â€Å"I see hundred of men come by on the road an’ on the ranches †¦ ; an’ every damn one of ’em got a little piece of land in his head. An’ never God damn one of ’em ever gets it. † He believes Lennie is crazy. Notice that unlike the other workers, Crooks job is stable and secure. When Candy comes in and starts talking about the dream and how they have most of the money for the dream, he changes his mind and wants to be a part of it â€Å"†¦ want a hand to work for nothing-just his keep, why I’d come an’ lend a hand. I ain’t so crippled I can’t work like a son-of-a-bitch if I want to†. And because of this, his confidence has built up and feels he can do anything. Curley’s wife comes in into the scene and reduces Crooks’ confidence by saying she is going to put him into trouble. She feels she is better than him because of his colour. â€Å"Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on the tree so easy it ain’t even funny† And this makes Crooks lose all hope of becoming a part of the dream because he thinks that is the way George and Lennie will possibly treat him when he works on the farm. â€Å"†¦ well jus’ forget it, ‘I didn’t mean it. Jus’ foolin’. I wouldn’t want to go no place like that†. Notice what Crooks says about people having dreams but not being able to fulfil them, he knows that people have other priorities and problems and the dream only remains a dream. This reflects on what Lennie does and how the dream is destroyed. Curley’s wife also had a dream but her dream was unlike the other characters that had dreams. Her dream was to become a famous actress and be in the cinemas, and she believes everything other people tell her about her talent â€Å"Coulda been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†¦ an’ had pitchers taken of me†¦ † She confessed to Lennie that she did not like her husband Curley and that she just married him to get away from her boring life because she thought getting married would provide new experiences for her â€Å"So I married Curley. Met him out to the Riverside Dance Palace that same night†. She has this dream because the people in the movies had a life of glamour and she wanted to live like that. She also has this dream because she is not treated fairly on the ranch and has no-one to talk to (apart from Curley) â€Å"Ain’t I got a right to talk to nobody? Whatta they think I am, anyways? †¦ † So because of this, she is always seeking attention in the wrong places which eventually lead to her death. Her dream was shattered when she let Lennie stroke her hair. In death, she look very peaceful unlike when she was alive and had problems. The characters of the book â€Å"Of Mice and Men† have dreams at some time of their life. They have these dreams so as to escape the hardship of life in the 1930’s. They also had dreams for the urge for something good that could make them feel very good about themselves. Some of the dreams maybe were not meant to come true (Curleys wife’s dream) but we come to see how close George and Lennie come to achieving theirs. If Curley’s wife didn’t seek for attention and Lennie did not have the fascination for soft things, they would have had the chance to have another way of life. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Critically evaluate two settings that professional english counsellors Essay

Critically evaluate two settings that professional english counsellors work in. Discuss the stregths and weaknesses of the setti - Essay Example Therapy aims to reduce the emotional turmoil the client is undergoing and to bring about lasting change for the solution of these problems. With counselling services, clients also seek to improve their health and well-being after the emotional distress that they have been through (Web Healer 2011). Counselling and psychotherapy are both focus on talking to people regarding their problems. However counselling inculcates brief sessions whereas psychotherapy focuses on the deeper issues linked to the history of the clients that concern them. Counselling sessions focus on the solutions of a specific problem in contrast to psychotherapies which are more intense. Counselling has started to rise in the UK due to increased demand, with the numbers tripling in the past decade (Counselling Directory 2011). Counsellors sit in various settings in the UK. Many of them are private while many are working with organizations that have specific premises designated for the counselling sessions. Private counsellors often set up their offices at their homes- a venue preferred by some clients. Moreover there are a number of voluntary organizations functioning in the UK that provide counselling services too. This paper compares and contrasts the counselling services being offered in two settings: a voluntary organization and GP’s surgeries. The voluntary organization chosen is Base 51, whereas the counselling that is associated with GP surgery is based in North Tyneside and is known as the North Tyneside Patient Care Trust (PCT). The North Tyneside PCT is the major leader of NHS in North Tyneside. Base 51 Counselling Service is a volunteer organization functioning in England. The organization believes in the provision of a holistic health care for children and youth aged between 12-25 years. The service is offered full time and mirrors the emotional needs of the clients. The service is available for people residing in the Nottinghamshire area. Base 51 bases its mission stateme nt on the WHO’s definition of health that health refers to the state of emotional and social well being, and not simply the nonexistence of a disease. Keeping this in consideration, Base 51 provides counselling service that is moulded to the needs of the clients. The organization is a health-care project under the HINT (Health Information for Nottingham Teenagers)- a charitable company. Base 51 functions both as a charitable trust and as a limited company operated by HINT. The Board of Trustees regulate the various administerial matters of the trust. Moreover Base 51 receives support from a number of local and national organizations, schools, business and individual figures. These bodies and people provide Base 51 with financial gifts and other gifts such as food and toiletries (Base 51 2011). Base 51 gives equal opportunity to all of its staff- a principle co existing with those of the BACP. Also the organization placed emphasis on professional liability, another element of professional conduct as prescribed by the BACP. Where Base 51 is a volunteer or

Europe in crisi.Does the crisi create opportunities for the country of Research Paper

Europe in crisi.Does the crisi create opportunities for the country of Ballkan region, specially for Albania - Research Paper Example The fall in the economy of Europe has also affected the economic conditions of the countries of Baltic region especially Albania and the GDP values of these countries have decreased. This report deals with the economy crisis in Europe that is perhaps the most important issue of today’s world. As we know that crisis is an unsteady situation in which too much problem or difficulty is being faced. It is the most crucial or most vital turning point that can lead to many changes. When any crisis takes place then there are chances for the improvement as well. It cannot be said that a crisis can never get resolved. In this paper we are dealing with the economy crisis that has taken place in the European countries in the current time period. This is currently the most thrilling issue that is under discussion everywhere. This crisis has many impacts not only over the European countries but also to many other countries of the globe. This global impact is because the economy of Europe is very powerful economy and there are many countries that used to invest in European countries so these countries are definitely being affected due to this economy crisis. The main is sue that we have to discuss in this paper is the economy crisis in European countries and its affects over the countries of Balkan region. We have especially discussed the affect over Albania. This paper thoroughly discusses that does this crisis providing any opportunities to the economy of countries of Balkan region or not? As Europe is having one of the biggest economies of the world and the economy crisis in Europe is threatening the economic conditions of many other countries of the world. With the economy crisis in Europe the economy of Baltic countries has also decreased which shows that threat to the economy of Europe is also a threat to the economy of Baltic region countries. (Financial crisis

Warfare Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Warfare - Case Study Example The shift of US foreign policy in 1948 from containment to pre-emptive war as emphasized in the Truman Doctrine, led to the establishment of US military hegemony and global economic domination. As the most powerful country in the world, the use saw the need to protect societies all over the world whenever they were threatened especially by the Soviet Union’s support for rebel groups that were fighting to establish socialism in many parts of the world. The USA saw these wars as a justified course since it was being waged to protect civilians against the Soviet Union sponsored aggression on sovereign nations (Crawford, 2003). Among the US- led wars during the cold war period that raise moral questions based on the principles of Jus in Bello is the Yugoslav War. Although the war passed the test of proportionality given that there were no excessive use of force, the element of discrimination which calls for restricting the war to military targets. The decision to use air strikes and no ground troops or low flying aircrafts limited the ability to be accurate when identifying targets therefore risking the lives of many unarmed civilians and increasing collateral damage during the war (Crawford, 2003). Issues raised on the basis of comparative justice in the Yugoslav War were also not conserved in the war as it failed to weigh competing visions of justice, opposing versions of history and litany of victimization. There are divergent views of the war with the Serbs asserting that Kosovo Liberation Army had links to the Mafia drug dealing among other atrocities while the Serbs disapproved the blatant aggression against their sovereign state by US-led intervention given that they had not attacked any other nation (Crawford, 2003). The justifications for the U.S. invasion of Iraq were based on two critical points that

Silent film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Silent film - Assignment Example The main idea of silent movies was the moral and social issues of the developing era. These included poverty, women’s suffrage, child labor, contraception, prostitution, immigration, political corruption, prisons, and divorce (Usai and British Film Institute 22). Today, Americans think that silent films are subject of interest for the innocent age. However, they are filled with significant social and political constituents. These were people preoccupied with issues such as political corruption, sources of crime, abandoning sexual norms, and changing women role. Many early films also included themes against authority, making fun of bumbling police officers, dishonest politicians, and meddlesome upper-class reformers (Usai and British Film Institute 22). Gender relations were also a component of early silent film. Before 1905, Kathy Peiss noted that movie screens were full of indecent sexual images, shocking humor, and many glimpses of women undressing or scenes of passionate kissing. The effect of the films on the younger generation was to make them be independent and dissociate themselves from divisions in the

Is it moally acceptable for government agencies (NSA, CIA FBI) to Essay

Is it moally acceptable for government agencies (NSA, CIA FBI) to eavesdrop on domestic phone calls or intercept emails of its c - Essay Example For this exercise to be acceptable by all bodies involved, the bodies conducting the eavesdropping had to obtain a warranty from the United States Foreign Surveillance Court. This could have legalized the whole exercise and no questions could have arisen from the different bodies that raised their concerns (Risen 19). Many laws against this act have been formulated. These include the wireless telegraphy act 2006 and the regulation of investigatory powers act 2000. Although this act of intercepting emails is good for the security of the country, the bodies conducting the interception should look, for a warranty, to do the same. The N.S.A, F.B.I together with C.I.A, argue that taking of warranties will alert the potential terrorists and the search would not be effective. This essay outlines the reasons why use of unwarranted emails eavesdropping is not good (Bamford 145). First is the fact that this is a breach of civil liberty. Individuals are supposed to be covered under civil rights , which gives them freedom to do what is legally right to the extent that they do not interfere with other people’s life (Radden 19). The act of eavesdropping on emails and phone calls is a violation of human rights to expression, interaction, and speech. These laws cover individuals enabling them to interact and communicate freely without others getting concerned about other individuals’ conversation. In addition to this, confrontation of individuals to know whom they were communicating with is a violation of human rights. The security department needs to show proof of a warranty to eavesdrop someone’s emails and a warranty authorizing interviews in regard to the messages intercepted (Radden 64). The act of eavesdropping is a violation of the privacy policy of the company providing the communication (Janczewski and Colarik 128). Companies providing communication services always have privacy policies by which they are supposed to abide. They are supposed to ensu re that no third party individual encounters the contents of the message unless warranted officially by the government. It is the right of an individual to sue any company that allows third party individuals to get the contents of his emails without an official warranty (Radden 59). The act of eavesdropping can as well cause safety issues to the contents of the message. Certain email messages and calls are supposed to be private and confidential. Such emails explaining or having monetary discussions can easily be decrypted, and the information be used in a bad way so that the money is diverted (Bamford 125). This is very possible within the security bodies; N.S.A, F.B.I and C.I.A simply because the agencies have employees of varied nature. Individuals who can use such advantage to divert the monetary value of the emails and calls to his account exist. This can be very disappointing to the individual and all the people associated with the transaction. The fact that the interception o f the emails is not warranted would make individuals have the privilege of going around the issue without fear from court orders and imprisonment (Janczewski and Colarik 91). It can also be difficult to know the exact person that conducted the transfer of the monetary contents from the email. This is because individuals with the capability to intercept emails may have much more technology to hide any traceable information as to where the money went. This is thus a big problem to the company

Hitler's greatest mistake Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hitler's greatest mistake - Research Paper Example Hitler was very much overconfident about invading Russia. The troop was not provided with winter clothing or equipments. More than half of Germen troops were frozen to death. The invasion was started on three fronts, in the south towards the Ukraine, in the north towards Leningrad, and centre towards Moscow. The moves were initially considered as successful advances. Within few days the Luftwaffe achieved air supremacy. German troops started encircling Russian defenders. Nazi legions soon conquered 1200 tanks and 600 big guns. They also gained more than 150,000 prisoners. Hitler attempted to control Russia to a great extent. Their crucial aim was to gain control over Leningrad-Moscow-Volga line. Germany’s three-pronged invasion was intended for seizing production areas in Ukraine and the Donetz basin. Germany’s plans were to acquire mineral deposits, oil and grain. They attempted to capture the Black and Baltic seas. Russian citizens were encouraged to accept the ‘scorched policy’. They were instructed that if they were forced to evacuate from their place they should not leave anything behind. They should evacuate fully. Germans at the same time started feeling trouble as weather was becoming disadvantageous for them. Russian partisan groups were gaining strength as they began imposing big tolls on supply convoys. Germans gained control over Riga, Smolensk and Kiev. They invaded Stalingrad to acquire the oilfields of Cacasus in August 1942.

Morality, Ethics & Human Behavior and Determining Moral Behavior Essay

Morality, Ethics & Human Behavior and Determining Moral Behavior - Essay Example These rules are applicable for a single class of human action like political ethics, social ethics and medical ethics. Values are the set ethical ideals which are being created before developing an ethical program (ERC, 2009). A person’s value system helps to built moral beliefs, thus they are integral part of ethical system. Ethical systems are moral theories or philosophies through which one approaches toward making moral decision. These approaches are universal and can be divided into certain categories like Utilitarianism and Deontology. All these ethical systems follow rigid rules and they are highly regulated; these systems are reliable and dependable for asserting moral behavior, they reflect moral thoughts and they are logically impartial (universal), they does not have any value until and unless they are employed thus they not self-servicing. Both teleological and deontological systems are the two most common theories which provide conflicting answer regarding morality. Teleological system takes into account result of the act. Thus consequence of an action is taken into consideration while making decision, in spite of the intention behind the act. Deontological system takes nature of the act into consideration while judging an act, thus they are duty based. If intention behind a decision is morally correct, then what ever be the outcome, it will be considered as a moral decision (White,

Environment Coursework Essay Example for Free

Environment Coursework Essay CO2 (Carbon dioxide) is a compound composed of two carbons and one oxygen, It is a colorless and odorless gas produced both naturally and through human activities like the burning of gasoline, coal, oil, and wood. People exhale or breathe out Carbon dioxide which releases it into the air. Carbon dioxide are higher in areas with heavier industrial activities due to many factors. Factors such as the number of people present the amount of outdoor fresh air entering the area and whether combustion by-products are contaminating the indoor. are just a few of the many carbon dioxide releasers. Carbon Dioxide is a gas used by plants during photosynthesis for the production of sugars which may either be re-consumed in respiration or used as raw materials to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and other organic compounds needed for plant growth and development. Plants role is photosynthesis is extremely important because it remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and uses it to produce oxygen. Deforestation cuts down many plants, trees and forest and reduces the trees available to absorb the carbon dioxide from our planet. CO (Carbon Monoxide) is a molecule that contains one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom and is produced from partial oxidation of carbon compounds such as in internal combustion engines. Carbon monoxide burning in air with a characteristic blue flame will produce carbon dioxide. It is extremely toxic but plays a useful role in modern technology. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless and tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is the simplest oxocarbon, and can be viewed as the anhydride of formic acid. There are two covalent bonds and a coordinate covalent bond between the oxygen and carbon atoms. In urban areas, carbon monoxide reacts photochemically with aldehydes to produce a peroxy radical which reacts with nitrogen oxide to increase ratio of NO2 to NO, thus reducing the quality of NO to available to react with ozone. It is a constituent of tobacco smoking. Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in the atmosphere and spatially variable. CH4 is known as methane, a chemical compound that is also the simplest alkane and the principal component of natural gas. Methane is known to be a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 72 averaged over a period of 20 years. Methane is oxidized in the atmosphere thus, producing carbon dioxide and water. The Earths crust contains huge amounts of methane. Large amounts of methane are produced anaerobically by methanogenesis. Other sources include mud volcanoes, which are connected with deep geological faults, and livestock, primarily cows. Methane is used for electrical generations by being burned as a fuel in a gas turbine or steam boiler. Methane is also used as a vehicle fuel in the form of compressed natural gas and is claimed to be more environmentally friendly that fossil fuels such as gasoline and petroleum. Answer 2: Area =1000 1000 x 0. 625 gallon/inch x 0. 3 inch = 187. 5 gallons/ Rain = 0. 3 inches 0. 625 gallon/inch Answer 3: Ecosystem services are fundamental to human life. They not only help promote economic benefits but offer the protection of human health and safety. One ecosystem service essential for human life is fresh water. Fresh water is a source of supply that does not have technological substitute for at this time. There may be some water purification processes but it does not replace the need for replenishment of fresh water. The key to maintaining water purification services is to protect and restore the ecosystems that provide these services. The economic cost of this service is priceless in terms of money. Answer 4: Biogeochemical cycles are often disrupted by human activities such as cultivation of land to grow annual crops disrupts the nutrient balance in the soil. This results in the nutrients being removed from the area as the plants are being shipped off for food and the straw is removed for other purposes. Plant material then breaks down and farmers replenish the removed nutrients by adding fertilizer to the soil further disrupting the biogeochemical cycle. Logging is another way that disrupts biological chemical by reducing the amount of oxygen in the air and allow gave room for the buildup of carbon monoxide. When logging occurs, what happen is that millions of trees and plants are removed from the earths atmosphere making them unable to convert the carbon monoxide in the air into oxygen, thus, allowing carbon monoxide build up as well as reducing the overall amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. In order to help stop this disruption, we must find a way to protect the few natural land that we have left from the destruction of farming and logging by not being wasteful of the resources that are available to us and to make it a responsibility to recycling paper product as a part of our lifestyle. References: Raven, Peter H. , Johnson, George B. (2002). Biology. Boston. McGraw Hill.

Derivative Markets Essay Example for Free

Derivative Markets Essay Last dozen of years are characterized by rash growth of volumes of national and international markets of derivative finance instruments or derivative markets. By opinion of experts, appearance and development of derivative markets is the most important event of economic life within last twenty five years. In the very name of these instruments – â€Å"derives† lays the fact that they appeared and started to develop on basis of floaters and futures almost for all types of exchange products (starting with oil and gas and ending with soy beans and orange juice), and also for exchange index, percent rates, rate of exchange, etc. Presently new types of derivates appeared: on the basis of sea freight rates (London), cost of microprocessors, permissions for environment pollution (USA), etc. To the first generation of derivates specialists relate futures and stock option plans, which are used at organized markets (exchanges) in form of standardized contracts, and also popular at non-exchange market (market OTC – over-the-counter) (William Falloon pp. 26-28) currency swaps, stock option plans and inter-bank agreements regarding forward rate agreement. From the very beginning the main functions of derivates was to provide distribution of risks among participants of business deal, connected with change of stuff price, rates of exchange, percent rates, stock rates, exchange indexes, etc. Nowadays operations with derivates are still the main way of insurance from different risks and risk management. The first signs at derivative markets became successful issue of currency futures in 1972 at Chicago Mercantile Exchange; the second issue of percentage futures followed in 1975 at Chicago Board of Trade. In the first half of 1980-s rapid growth (Remolona, Eli, M., pp. 28-43) of operations with derivates, followed with appearance of more and more new types of derivates. In 1980 appeared New York Futures Exchange; in 1982 London international Financial Futures and Options; in 1986 – MATIF Marche a terme international de France in Paris; in 1988 Swiss Options and Financial Futures Exchanges, etc. At these and other organized (exchange) markets trade is fulfilled by standard (typical) contracts, which are sold or at exchange auctions (MATIF in France), or with help of automatized information systems (for example, Globex). Final calculations for all deals are made by computational (compensational) palates (George Benston and Shehzad Mian pp. 217-246) The first â€Å"legal† operation of currency swap (exchange of dollar to Swiss francs) was made in August 1981 between American company IBM and International Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Market of percentage swaps appeared in the United States by initiative of company â€Å"Sallie Mae†. The major part of swap operations was executed by leading international banks, which in the beginning were present as mediators between participants of currency swaps. In succeeding years banks became to work as active participants of derivative deals, acting at their own cost and in their own interests.   When in the first half of 1980-s derivative market was developing mainly in the United States, in the second half derivative market started to develop quickly in Europe and Japan. Volume of world market of swap operations increased from 200 milliard dollars in 1985 to 2900 milliard dollars in 1990. Such quick growth was stipulated with legal standardization of contracts, development of information systems and means of communications. According to data of questionnaire which was executed by International Swaps and Derivatives Associations, volume of world derivative market for the beginning of 1993 was 5.4 trillion dollars, including percentage swaps – 3.9 trillion dollars, currency swaps – 860 milliard dollars, cap and floor operations – 577 milliard dollars. By approximate estimation of magazine Swap Monitor, volume of derivative markets was much higher – 7 trillion dollars (at the same date of 1993). In the United States only 6 banks control 90% of derivative markets. In France 80 banks act at the market of currency contracts; at option market – 24 banks. Volume of operations with derivates at exchange and non-exchange markets, which make French credit institutions and which are shown at their balance, in 2.2 times exceeds amount of their balances. By information of International Calculations Bank, already in 1991 volume of OTC market was 4500 milliard dollars. From that time its volume significantly increased. Quick growth of derivative market volume in the beginning of 1990-s is connected with increasing of instability and uncertainty at world financial markets, also influenced by such events as was at Persian Gulf, collapse of USSR, crisis of European system of currency, etc. besides, progress in the field of informational technology, which allowed to process big volumes of information almost immediately and great funds, involved in financial turnover, give grounds to speak about existence of real industry of derivates. As we already spoke about, quick growth of derivative market was accompanied by appearance of new and new their types and kinds; this process developed and continues to develop in legal and non-official market. Financial instruments, which represent different combinations of derivates of the first generation, quickly were added to the first derivate generation (for example, combination of percentage options â€Å"cap/floor†, swaptions – combination of swap and option. In the beginning of 1990-s appeared such exotic instruments as swaps for non-typical indexes, annulated swaps, options for options, etc. One of novelties for Parisian exchange was issue of bons doption, which gives right to the buyer for purchase of actions or debentures by fixed price. During the last four years number of diversities of such warranties increased from 15 to 500, they are in easy access to any investor, even those who doesn’t have big amount of money. Appearance of new types and kinds of derivates is stipulated not only by increasing demands of clients in more perfect means of insurance from risks (Ludger Hentschel and Clifford Smith Jr., pp. 101-126), but also by constant perfection of informational technology and equipment, mechanisms of price formation and models of risk management. At the same time legal standards of regulating operations with derivates were developed and perfected; new forms of standard contracts appeared. Operations with derivates started to be used more frequently not only for insurance from risks and risk management, but for aims of speculation, i.e. receiving profit from them. By opinion of experts, nowadays the following subjects take place at the derivative markets: Industrial companies, which can use operations with derivates to reach such aims as: Decreasing of indebtedness burden at the expense of getting necessary financial means by possible cheap price; Increasing of flexibility in management of financial holdings, not limited by usage of debentures or short-term commercial documents; Perfection of management cash balance and regulation of financial flow, connected with cash inflow and cash spending; Fast receiving of necessary funds by relatively low prices in case unexpected needs in financing take place; Perfection and dynamics of process management by liquid assets of enterprise. Although enterprises, which use all enumerated possibilities of operations with derivates, are quite rare, from now on these operations cannot be ignored by those enterprises, who intend to lead dynamic strategy of management by thief financial resources. Different investment funds, which control investment portfolio, use operations with derivates as flexible means of funds management. Special companies or funds (so-called stockjobbers), which make derivative operations to receive profit, because those operations allow even with small expenses to get big profit, indeed, in condition of favorable circumstances for such stockjobber. In such a way American fund Quantum Fund, which belongs to famous financier George Sores, and which is specialized on currency deals, including derivates as well, since 1969 every year increased its income for 35%; today it exceeds 4 milliard dollars. Totally in the United States there are more than 3 thousand of such funds, which manage approximately by 25 milliard dollars, which are used only for speculative operations. There are 23 similar funds, which are legally registered in France. Individual stockbrokers, which make operations with derivates at their own expense. Activity of those subjects, which in the USA are called â€Å"local† and in France â€Å"negociateurs independants de parquet†, assists in increasing of liquidity financial market. Special companies-organizers of the market, including compensational palates, which control execution of contracts and execute calculations, receiving definite commissions. In such a way in France company MATIF received for each operation of purchase or sale of pressing contract 6.25 francs, what allowed to increase own funds to 800 million francs. In 1993 MATIF worked up 72 million of contracts, whereas at Chicago Mercantile Exchange were sold 179 million of contracts. Banks, working in legal and non-official market, receive the biggest income from derivative operations. Supervision instances controlling bank activities (for example, there is Bank Commission in France) are anxious because of uncontrolled growth of bank derivative operations. Operations with different kinds of options, especially related to such indexes, which change quickly, as shares indexes, prices for non-ferrous metals, raw materials, etc. give the biggest concern. Supervision instances don’t limit usage of derivative operations in order to insure credit and market risks (Sanjiv Ranjan Das pp. 7-23), but at the same time they establish rule of paying capacity, in accordance with which amount of own derivate funds of certain credit enterprise should cover credit (risk of unredeemed credit) and market risks. Other aspects of regulation non-organized markets are not developed enough. In all leading Western countries development of those measures is behind the tempo of growth of OTC market capacity, where calculation (compensational) palates are absent and business deals have long-term character. For organized derivative markets the main problems still are guaranteeing security and control. Compensational palates watch timeliness of final calculations and amount of deposits of their members, which operate at derivative market. These deposits guarantee that they will fulfill their obligations: in case amount of deposit is lower than definite level, it should be filled up immediately. In such a way, at MATIF’s accounts are 20 milliard francs, paid-in by its members as guarantee of calculations. Financiers work to standardize contracts for derivative deals in the international level. In such a way, created in 1985 International Swap and Derivatives Association worked out frame contract for derivative operations, consisting of two parts: in the first part there are obligatory common statements (ways of calculations and their regulation, declarations of the parties, procedures of canceling the contract, etc), and in the second part there are statements, which can be changed by wish of the parties. In June 1993 report of 30 leading specialists for financial operations was published, where they formulated recommendations to banks and other enterprises, which lead operations with derivates or are their final users. By opinion of experts, these enterprises should give acces to that market only for professionals. Many experts point at explosive character of derivative market, because there can appear chain reaction of bankruptcy (domino effect). Non-exchange market is more dangerous in this respect, where the business deals are often concluded â€Å"for the word of honor†. Unexpected collapse of one of the banks can cause chain reaction of bankruptcies of other banks. By words of A. Taylor, president of Royal Bank of Canada, derivates represent bomb of delayed-action, which, once exploded, can completely ruin world financial system. Although derivative deals have a lot of risk and can provoke the crisis, you cannot live without them in the modern financial markets, because they assist in increasing of liquidity and effectiveness of financial markets, decreasing of cost for market transactions (deals). As was written in French magazine â€Å"Expansion†, future experts, probably, will examine derivates as financial novelty, which saved world economical growth from paralysis. Works Cited: George Benston and Shehzad Mian, 1995 Financial Reporting of Derivatives: An Analysis of the Issues, Evaluation of Proposals, and a Suggested Solution, Journal of Financial Engineering, September, pp. 217-246. Sanjiv Ranjan Das, 1995 Credit Risk Derivatives, Journal of Derivatives, Spring, pp. 7-23. William Falloon, 1992 How Appetites are Growing for OTC Equity Derivatives, Futures Magazine, January, pp. 26-28. Ludger Hentschel and Clifford Smith Jr., 1995 Controlling Risks in Derivatives Markets, Journal of Financial Engineering, June, pp. 101-126 Remolona, Eli, M., 1992-3 The Recent Growth of Financial Derivative Markets, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Quarterly Review, Winter, pp. 28-43.

Reebok Company Introduction

Reebok Company Introduction REEBOK was founded in 1890 and its U.K based company and it was founded JOSEPH WILLIAM FOSTER, it started to make the running shoes and it was started as family business and then 1958 it came to U.S and today it is running successful throughout the world and making the shoes ad mostly now it enter in the sport area and most of the sport man wear this shoes especially most of cricket player use their shoes especially most of cricket player use their shoes and their shoes are open every where in world and its international brand and in 1981 REEBOK is $1.5 million and the next increase dramatic and it available near about 170 countries. REEBOK also make the shoes of NBA (National Basketball Association) and in 2022 it entered into the music industry and planning to make shoes of music industry and in 2003 it successful hited its target it started to make shoes for G-Unit Rap Star 50 Cents, because he makes his shoes like G-Unit. At present mostly it make sport shoes and it market rate I great and mostly young people and sports men wear Reebok shoes and people get best value of their money and now walking shoes is more popular and people buy because we know people do walking and exercise and they have their logo I AM WHAT I AM. And the most popular because music like JAY- Z, Daddy Yankee and 50 Cent and sport athletes Allan Iverson, Bonovan Mavabb, Cort Shilling, Icelly Holmes and through it international Value it got most popular as famous Reebok is great and worldwide brand and people used it widely. Procedure I have chosen the following ways to collect required data for my report. 2.1 Interviews: I collect the lot information through interviews that was a small session of questions and answers. I personally went to many marketing managers of different outlet stores like addidas, puma, nike and other related people and gain more knowledge about my project. 2.2 Surveys: I did many surveys for collecting required data related to my project. In surveys I met many group of persons and they provide enough amount of information. 2.3 Observations: I involved many observations and learned more about my project. Observations provide me insight about specific people or events which is useful for my project. Findings Business Demographics Demographics are very important aspect of sports planning in matching the sports with the market. Advertisers often define their target market in terms of demographics. Each demographic category is broken down by the various research companies according to its characteristics. There are many networks for effective communication: Reebok is using star topology for effective communication where every computer is connected to one server. They are sharing a same network for effective communication. By using this technology, they can send Emails, faxes; files etc, Apart from this they can make calls as well to other person. It is very effective and reliable service to use. They can also do video conferencing with their clients and their own departments. Organizational goals They are using advance technology to achieve their set goals and to gain the customers satisfaction. They also know that what the customer need and how to give the customer what they want. It means that Organization seeks to achieve by its existence and operation. Goals are predetermined and describe future results toward which present efforts are directed. Their few important goals are explained below: 3.2.1 Official Goal: Their purpose is to give the organization a favourable public image, provide legitimacy, and justify its activities. 3.2.2 Operative Goal is to reflect the actual intention of an organization. They describe the concrete steps to be taken to achieve the organizations purpose. 3.2.3 Connection: One of the goals is make genuine connection with customers and give them best and comfortable service. 3.2.4 Physical and financial resources: Renovating and maintaining equipment is important in the long run for an organization. Increasing cash flow is often important for new ventures. 3.2.5 Profitability: This is usually expressed as a percentage and should always be positive. Organizational culture and ethics: Reebok have their stores in different countries and in different region they have got daily so many people to commutate with them and they have trained staff to talkie with them. Because they did not want any language barrier in the sales Reebok have their regular customer which is buy their things from the reebok store and they have lot of trust on brand and quality and they buy there thing with any words If we talk about the how the managed the communication they have there trained staff like one store in south Africa and any person come to buy it they will talk with them in African language and try to improve their sales make the costumer happy and if on some store any English man come and they have the staff who can speak English and deal with costumer. Reebok itself have the great culture it is one of the great brand of the world .it back ground from the English country but now it is in every country of the world and look forward it expand its business that they can create their name on worldwide. In whole word they also deal with costumer very greatly with any communication barrier and give them best deals as it can possible .they have a net work through which they communicate with their own and try to solve the problem of the people .because the have there own factories and through this they gain the trust of the people and they have some costumer which have blind trust upon their product and they will buy only the REEBOK product this show how much trustful ground Reebok have and how people are coming to buy it is people are crazy for their brand and push them to make new product and REEBOK also try to make their costumer happy and give them best deals MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES: it mean the practices and experiences which they have done in the organization and most important thing is they give the training and give them regular experiences because they promote their works from one post to another and give them chances to learn the new thing and they did not put the pressure on the worker. That he or she not able to show their skills and at different level they will gain the experiences from there senior which help them a lot . We can follow step which ensure the communication of the knowledge to each individual. There following steps. 1 gathering of the data- main function is the gathering the data from various resources. This can be gathered from the records of the industry or the company or from the survey. 2 organizing after that we have to arrange the data in the proper form. So that each individual who access the data can do easily. There are many ways to do that cataloging, indexing, and linking the systems in the organizations. 3 refining after that a organization have to refine the data and update the data, with in a specific time frame. To remove all the faults and vagueness from the data. Mining, projecting are some of the ways to do that. 4 disseminating- after the database has been prepare it has to share throughout the organization. It can be follow from top to bottom or reverse of that. Induction program, training are main ways. GROUP DYNAMICS: Group dynamics is relevantly new studies in the field of management. The ways group interact in the organization directly affect their work. These group can be formulate from regions believe, sociology believes. T his is very important for a company to understand that why these groups formulate and how they work. By knowing that a company can encourage those people to work more affective and give better rumination. If there good communications in those groups management can take the advantage the situation and communicate to the top leader the message follow through the group with any objections. If there is any conflict between the organization and the group, these can be easily shorted out. No doubt group can be complicates as well, but if they are managed well they can be very helpful. Internal dynamics conflicts- in the group if there conflict between two group members. These conflicts can easily seen address very fast. Group leader can call them and ask them individual. Internal dynamic, and make a sure that group must work by helping each other. External dynamics conflicts- problem with the organization and some problem with top level management problem with is the groups and not looking work properly and did not have a idea what to do with is the organization. Meeting management Meeting management can be little complex some for a normal employee. A proper structure and method all ways help employee to approach the management. There should be popper level of communication and it must be in popper flow from top to bottom. It must be in popper channel goes to each and every one. It can be done written from or verbal from it must go in different levels and till reaching the bottom level it must remain same it would not be change and it must be clear that each and every can understand easily. If employee wants to meet his manager he must tell his supervisor and then he can meet. If supervisor did not listen the them then they can go directly go to manger and meet. There should be management by walking around because if anybody have problem they can directly tell the manager. By regular meeting can improve the better level of communication and improve the skills of the organization and every remain touch with each other and can improve organization with meeting we can make control on the organization. meeting also solve the conflicts and problem which may cause by the miss understanding within each other meeting help a lot to solve this type of problem. Meeting are great way to solve all the problem. Meeting must be done at regular and in effect way. in meeting every one person should be present there and take full part in meeting and make use of it . STAKEHOLDERS: Stakeholders are those people who have invested there money in the organization. These people have their trust in the management so its very important to communicate to them and tell them all the necessary things. Communication should be done in professional way, organizing the meeting. Written communication can be a long experience but which is very important to be done. Phone is another way of communication identify the all stakeholder- first before anything identify all the main stakeholder like customers, suppliers, local communities Priorities the stakeholder- we have to make sure the company invite all the main effective persons. Not only those people who can make loud demands. Identify communication requirement for each stakeholder groups- If is there any requirement by the local government and local trust should be considered PLAN AND PROBLEM: any decision taken by the trust or government should be implemented by the management and it not be only in the papers and it should me take serious and management must be make it sure and it must be done at all the levels and it must be done by every man the organization .because stake holder are the main part of the company because they have invest the money in that company. And they look for good out come of there money and company also support them. NETWORK: Networking is one of the important part of business because with networking people remain touch with each other and make good use of the business and most of business work is done by networking . Networking can be done in many in many ways like through phones and emails ,video calls, voice calls and letters and repots and so many other ways .By this way we can keep our business at high and remain touch with every one with the help of net working we take the ideas of so many people and make use for the company and look forward to grow the company. half of business is done by networking and it can be done world widely. because through video conference company manger can do the meeting he may sitting in the any part of world and make the good use of networking. This is also show that how IT is used in business and how effectively make the use IT .because with the help of IT networking business are growing day by day. Through networking we can save or time traveling cost and we can also save man power which is more important . Without networking business cannot be possible and networking is just like backbone of the business without networking we cannot able to run a smooth and effective business. so networking is most important for a business . Conclusions : In the end we can say that with help of all these things we can run business successfully and can gain the profit in the business. So that we have to look after all this things and make good use of all the things. At the end, in my report, I saves money and time using a sample strategy. I got the knowledge from various sources like interviews, surveys and personal meetings with managers of company and explained all business communication of company in my report. References: www.google.com www.wikipedia.com

Research on early fathers and mothers involvement and childs later educ

In 2004, the British Journal of Educational Psychology releases a report on a research that was conducted by Eirini Flouri and Ann Buchanan dealing with the correlation of early interaction of parents and the future assessment of their children in school. Previous to this article, little research was given to the individual long-term contribution that early parent involvement had in a child’s success in school. Flouri and Buchanan had three particular goals in mind while completing this research: (1) To explore the role of early father involvement in children's later educational attainment independently of the role of early mother involvement and other confounds, (2) to investigate whether gender and family structure moderate the relationship between father's and mother's involvement and child's educational attainment, and (3) to explore whether the impact of father's involvement depends on the level of mother's involvement (www.Ingentaselect.com). The study was provoked by t he considerable amount of research presented by the United States that suggested that early father involvement would lead to positive outcomes in children; Flouri and Buchanan wanted to evaluate if this was the case in the United Kingdom (www.literacytrust.org.uk). The researchers had positivistic basis for obtaining their study. It was solely an attempt to reveal patterns and regularities dealing with the subject manner. They gave a secondary analysis of work that was deductive of longitudinal data coll...

The Role of Dreams in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses Essay exa

The Role of Dreams in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses Works Cited Missing Cormac McCarthy All the Pretty Horses depicts the American romanticized view of the west. John Grady, emerging from a dilapidated family ventures out on a journey in pursuit of his dream of the cowboy lifestyle. Through out the novel there is a constant tension between John Grady destiny or fate and the nature of his dreams. Dreams keep the dreamer from reality and because they are unreal, they paralyze the dreamer’s reality. Nonetheless, they motivate his journey through Mexico. The different roles that his dreams play depict the different characters that John Grady assumes: the Texas teenager, the lover, the prisoner and the man. John Grady’s dreams are as complex as his character. Without ambition or dream, life is purposeless. Naturally, John leaves the comfort of his home with the intention of discovering the purpose of his life which is mapped out in his dream. Through John Grady’s adventure McCarthy suggests the necessity for boys to leave the comfort of their homes in order to become men. Indeed, oriented by his dream of becoming a cowboy, John Grady experiences harsh realities, especially whilst imprisoned in the Mexican jail. Here is life is constantly under threat. Ultimately, John Grady kills his attacker. The act of killing symbolizes his transition to manhood. John Grady’s imprisonment infers that dreams have consequences that are not always pleasant. Although ambition provides the map for life, it does not eliminate the consequences of actions taken towards the achievement of that goal. Ambition, goal and fantasy are all an intricate part of his life that shapes his destiny. John Grady believes in a fixed destiny, he... ... become of them.† Staying true to his identity as an American, John Grady extends his â€Å"possibilities.† His hardships are not an â€Å"end† only misfortunes. Dreams are often thought of as unreal and as viable modes for escaping reality; however, for John Grady dreams are an extension of his reality. Dreams extend his life through different roles: dreams as ambition, as fantasies and as an unconscious act during sleep. His dreams enable the reader to understand John Grady character as his expresses openly his aspirations in his dreams. A person’s aspirations are frequently in conflict with their reality. Likewise dreams can be in conflict with ones destiny. Nonetheless, there is blurred difference between the nature of dreams and reality. The complexity of life transforms itself into our dreams, thus dreams enable the dreamer to re-evaluate life his or life destiny.

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

My heart wuz mos’ broke bekase you wuz los’,†(Pg. 85) was what Jim told Huckleberry when he found him again after they had been separated. This is a perfect example of how much Jim sincerely cares about Huck. Huck definitely has a very close and father-like relationship with the runaway slave, Jim. On the other hand, his real father, Pap, is less of a father figure to Huck than a runaway African American slave. Pap is very violent and abusive towards Huck. By looking at Huck’s relationships with Pap and Jim and how they are different and similar in some ways, Huck’s relationship with Pap, and Huck’s relationship with Jim the reader can see how they all relate. Although the relationships between Huck and Pap and Huck and Jim may seem extremely different, they are also quite similar in some ways. Both are father figures for Huck in a way. Although Huck is related to Pap through blood, Jim, who is a slave, cares more for Huck and is more nurturing than Pap is. â€Å"Come in, Huck, but doan’ look at his face - it’s too gashly.† (Pg. 50) Jim said this as he found the body of Huck’s father, Pap. This shows how Jim didn’t want Huck to be upset by knowing that his father is dead. Also, Huck is in danger staying with both of these people. With staying with Pap, Huck is in danger because of his father’s abusiveness. Jim and Pap are also alike because of the fact that both of these people don’t like their place in society. Pap wants to be wealthier and higher up in society, whereas Jim only wants to escape slavery and own himself. Pap is a very violent drunk. He lives on the outskirts of town, and goes into town only to get alcohol and become intoxicated. â€Å"I borrowed three dollars from Judge Thatcher, and pap took it and got drunk, and went a-blow-ing around and cussing and whooping and carrying on; and he kept it up all over town, with a tin pan, till most midnight; then they jailed him, and next day they had him before court, and jailed him again for a week.†, (Pg. 21). This shows further how Pap is a horrible role model for Huck and a drunk. One night, because of his drunken stupor, Pap tried to kill Huck and almost succeeded.

Hwa Tai Industries Berhad: SWOT Analysis & Company Profile Essay

Description: Synopsis Business Review’s Hwa Tai Industries Berhad contains a company overview, key facts, locations and subsidiaries, news and events as well as a SWOT analysis of the company. A few sections/chapters might not have sufficient information as the data might not be available on the public domain Summary This SWOT Analysis company profile is a crucial resource for industry executives and anyone looking to quickly understand the key information concerning Hwa Tai Industries Berhad’s business. Business Review’s â€Å"Hwa Tai Industries Berhad: SWOT Analysis & Company Profile† reports utilize a wide range of primary and secondary sources, which are analyzed and presented in a consistent and easily accessible format. Business Review strictly follows a standardized research methodology to ensure high levels of data quality and these characteristics guarantee a unique report. Scope – Examines and identifies key information and issues about (H wa Tai Industries Berhad) for business intelligence requirements. – Studies and presents Hwa Tai Industries Berhad’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities (growth potential) and threats (competition). Strategic and operational business information is objectively reported. – The profile contains business operations, the company history, major products and services, prospects, key competitors, key employees, locations and subsidiaries. Reasons To Buy – Quickly enhance your understanding of the company. – Obtain details and analysis of the market and competitors as well as internal and external factors which could impact the industry. – Increase business/sales activities by understanding your competitors’ businesses better. – Recognize potential partnerships and suppliers. – Obtain yearly profitability figures. Key Highlights Hwa Tai Industries Berhad (Hwa Tai) is an investment holding company, which through its group companies, is principally engaged in manufacturing of confectionery. The product portfolio of the company includes cookies, biscuits, crackers, cakes, cream sandwich, and snacks. The company operates its business through three reportable business segments, namely, Manufacturing segment, which is engaged in manufacturing of confectionery products; Trading segment is engaged in trading and distribution of its products; and Other segment. Hwa Tai markets its products under various brands such as HWA TAI, LUXURY, SALAM, Siang Siang, Duchess, D’Cream, Sesamio, Naiyu Jagung, U-Lite, D’licious, Melky, D’Layer, CrackerPlus, Choice, Love, PESTA, Wonderful, D’Lite, and Always. Hwa Tai is headquartered in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Company Overview Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Facts Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Business Description Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Major Products and Services Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – History Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – SWOT Analysis 6.1. SWOT Analysis – Overview 6.1.1. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Strengths 6.1.2. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Weaknesses 6.1.3. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Opportunities 6.1.4. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Threats 7. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Competitors 8. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Employees 9. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Employee Biographies 10. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Company Statement 11. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Locations and Subsidiaries 11.1. Head Office 11.2. Other Locations & Subsidiaries 12. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Financial Ratios 12.1. Financial Ratios – Capital Market Ratios 12.2. Financial Ratios – Annual Ratios 12.3. Financial Ratios – Interim Ratios 12.4. Financial Ratios – Ratio Charts 13. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Share Data 14. Appendix 14.1. Methodology 14.2. Ratio Definitions 14.3. Disclaimer List of Tables Table 1: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Facts Table 2: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Major Products and Services Table 3: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad History Table 4: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Employees Table 5: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Employee Biographies Table 6: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Subsidiaries Table 7: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Locations Table 8: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Ratios Based On Current Share Price Table 9: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Annual Ratios Table 10: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Interim Ratios Table 11: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Share Data Table 12: Ratio Definitions List of Figures Figure 1: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Ratio Charts Ordering: Order Online – http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1564522/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. Page 1 of 2 Fax Order Form To place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the information below and fax the completed form to 646-6071907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from Rest of World). 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Operative Report

OPERATIVE REPORT Patient Name: Benjamin Engelhart Patient ID: 112592DOB: 10/5Age: 46Sex: M Date of Admission: 11/15 Date of Procedure: 11/15 Admitting Physician: Bernard Caster, MD Surgeon: Bernard Caster, MD Assistant: Jason Wagner, PAC Circulating Nurse: Jimmy Dale Jet, RN Preoperative Diagnosis: Acute Appendicitis Postoperative Diagnosis: Perforated Appendicitis Operative Procedure: Laparoscopic Appendectomy Placement of right lower quadrant drain Anesthesia: General Endotracheal tube anesthesia Specimen Removed: One lacrotic appendix IV Fluids: 1700 ml Chrystaloid Estimated Blood Loss: 10 ml Urine Output: 300 mlComplications: None INDICATIONS: This gentlemen is 46 years-old Caucasian male with 3 days history of abdominal pain, however over past 24 hours his pain has located to the right lower quadrant and caused a significant amount of anorexia, he presented to the emergency dept. CT scan of abdomen and levis revealed acute appendicitis, lab showed a WBC count of 13, the laparosc opic appendectomy was explained along with the risks, benefits and possible complications. Patients voiced his desire to proceed. Patient was started on pre-op gentamicin. DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: The patient was identified x2 in the preoperative holding area. Continue) OPERATIVE REPORT Patient Name: Benjamin Engelhart Patient ID: 112592 Date of Procedure: 11/15 Page 2 The final timeout was held with the nursing, anesthesia, and the surgical service during which the patient ID was confirmed and his surgical sight was initialed. He was given preoperative antibiotics. He was taken back to the operating room and placed in supine position. General ET anesthesia was induced. SED’s were placed on his lower extremities. His left arm was tucked at his side. A Foley catheter was placed. His abdomen was shaved, prepped with betadine solution and draped in the usual standard fashion.

Comment of the effectiveness to the novel Essay

There are many stories conveyed in chapter 3, some stories are more prominent than others. The most obvious story is that of Joe’s, as he is the narrator of the novel. Joe’s story follows one that is direct to his perception. This presents the reader with a biased account of what happened, and each character’s behaviour as it is based primarily on Joe’s interpretation. Following on from this idea , there is a sense of scepticism introduced into the reader’s mind, it casts seeds of doubt on the story Joe is telling, it makes it seem distorted through Joe. In chapter 3 the reader is introduced to a primitive, or selfish aspect to Joe’s nature, this is presented through the referral to Joe’s needs, not Clarissa’s or anyone else’s but simply Joe’s, â€Å"I couldn’t yet bear to talk about it†. Through Joe’s story many others are told, those of his past and the present and these stories engulf the reader into how McEwan incorporates characters, informs of their life and background, while doing this creatively, subtly. Joe tells a story of his past, a story of humiliation and nervousness, this story is full of emotions, it re-emphasises the detachment Joe has made from his emotions over the years, or rather that if an event occurs at the present, emotions are stripped away from it, until it becomes bearable, and therefore in the past. Clarissa has been in the background of the story, only becoming important through Joe’s thoughts, now however she becomes a focal point in chapter 3. This is captured in the commentary or Joe and Clarissa throughout the duration of the chapter, Joe is the narrator, therefore the other crux of the chapter is clearly Clarissa. Clarissa is described to be doing the necessary practical things at the beginning of this chapter, as is Joe, such as they are doing jobs that must be done when returning home, â€Å"Clarissa carried her luggage into the bedroom† . Joe initially separates his story from Clarissa’s, giving her more focus and also detachment from him, his guilt and therefore emotions. Clarissa is portrayed from the opening of the novel to be a character able to feel and understand her emotions, contrastingly to Joe’s nature. Clarissa is a character who forms attachments, due to her emotional and caring attributes, that exist as part of her. Clarissa is haunted by the tragedy that she cannot have children, this provides the reader with a sense of sympathy for Clarissa, it also uncovers another element of Clarissa’s background. This can be transferred to the way in which Clarissa focuses on the death of Logan, and his children being left alone. This element of the novel creates scepticism for both Joe and Clarissa, The reader doubts Joe’s ability to be unbiased, while the reader is sceptical of Clarissa’s ability to control and segment her emotions, what is extended in this idea is that Clarissa blames Joe for her inability to have children, she resents him for not giving her the one thing that lingers in her mind, the one thing the two of them together cannot overcome. This is depicted in the novel through the repetition and reference to Logan being a good man, â€Å"He had children of his own, He wouldn’t let go†. This phrase used by McEwan can infer that Clarissa thinks Joe is not a â€Å"good man† because he let go of the rope, and this is due to him not having an emotional attachment to children, as they cannot have any together. Within the two main stories, that are Joe and Clarissa’s there come sub-stories, tales that reiterate and construct experiences for the characters. Within Joe’s story we receive Clarissa’s but also Jed’s. Jed is depicted as that of a manipulative yet religious man, although in chapter 3 the reader is only building knowledge of him, it is clear that Jed ultimately indulges a new story. Cotrastingly Clarissa brings in the story of a friend, someone she knows and trusts, Majorie becomes introduced to the story as a friend of Clarissa’s who lost a young baby through a bacterial infection, while this increases the wealther of knowledge of Clarissa, it also provides the information of Majorie. The combination of Joe and clarissa’s stories result in background tales of Logan, and his family. While they also divulege into their past, their experiences, Joe’s interlude of playing a trumpet on stage, a story of humiliation and embarrassment. Clarissa’s story of conern, anticipation and childhood naivety developed through the channel of a girl going missing whilst on holiday.

Rasurel Case Study

Then Erasure started to sell swimwear during the second half of the 20th century. In 1966, Legacy (lingerie brand) bought Erasure and transformed It in Its swimwear Dillon. Erasures business has ever since remained focused on swimwear products. During the sass and sass, Erasure positioned itself as a fashion and trend-setting brand. The new management team appointed In the mid sass had a bad Impact on Erasure's business : the lack of Innovation and a poor International strategy led to decreasing market shares and set up the switch in the perception of the brand.In the mid sass's, Warrant group (US) bought Legacy and Erasure (who were in a bad position at hat time but once more the new management team (especially the designers) didn't follow the right strategy : they gave Erasure a sporty style, thereby worsening the switch in the perception of the brand. So, what happened in 15 years ? The lack of innovation and creativity, the inability to update designs made Erasure switch from a f ashion and trendy brand in the sass to a mature woman brand at the beginning of the 21 SST century.Erasure conducted marketing research that confirmed the new perception of the brand : old-fashioned, lack of vibrancy, and matronly. The more surprising is the fact that some key factors of success of Erasure are still there with customers perceiving the brand as being reliable, of high quality, and comfort. So, It's not only a problem of perception for the brand. What else can be the source of Erasure's decline ? Financial statements show that Erasure's business could operate more efficiently and profitably * despite a growth of 4% of the swimwear market, Erasure's sales decreased In 2002 so Erasure should definitely change Its marketing strategy and address the Issue of distribution channels. Without going further Into details, what an Erasure do ? Basically, there are 2 main options for the management team : reposition the brand towards the younger lingerie-like segment or reinforce its ‘OFF position In ten mature woman segment 2.I en swimwear market The French swimwear market comprised of the five segments : Catatonic, Beach Gang, Lingerie-Like, Elegant Mature Woman, Jet Set. The Catatonic segment encompassed woman who wanted one-piece swimwear for its functional use in swimming or other sports whereas the Beach Gang wanted two piece swimwear based on brightly colored surf themes: In the lingerie like segment omen wanted feminine floral pieces in modern cuts and bright colors.Elegant Mature woman well supported one pieces with elegant cuts and colors. The Jet Set woman wanted a sexy cut that emphasized the body and incorporated the current high fashions. Main Brands Based on the brand strengths and alliance with Legacy, we feel there is opportunity to enter additional segments to grow their business.

TEFL study guide

Once you're facing 20 eager dents who've parted with their hard-earned cash hoping that you can change their lives, it's a little late for regrets. Get some training or do your own research but never walk Into a classroom completely unprepared. A little training is better than none at all. Being an unqualified teacher Most language schools belong to professional bodies, which set criteria for teaching staff so that there's a level of quality control. This means that usually you can't find paid work in an English-speaking country without a willingness teaching qualification.However, there are exceptions to this If the school runs Its own training aerogramme for would-be teachers. Charitable and state-run organizations with volunteer programmed sometimes welcome people willing to share their knowledge with others and you get some teaching experience in return. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 33 If a school trains staff to use its own teaching methods, you've a bet ter chance of finding work with them without a teaching qualification. Big chains like Calla and Burlier employ staff in this way, depending on the location.On the other hand, If you're traveling to a part of the world where there are few native English speakers In accidence, but the locals have some disposable income, you're more likely to be viewed as a great catch by schools and individual students looking for a tutor, despite your lack of qualifications and experience. Being a native speaker can be your USPS (unique selling point), but try not to be complacent. Many FEEL teachers have no training whatsoever but still manage to find work and develop their skills while In the Job.If you won't be relying on an Income from taster course is probably all you need. Various organizations offer weekend and short courses in TOEFL that give you a taste of what is involved in the Job and help you ecocide whether teaching is for you on a long-term basis. In the I-J, for example, Burlier (who m. Burlier. Com) won't employ a teacher who doesn't have a degree and teaching certificate. However, if you apply to one of their schools abroad, you may have the chance to prove yourself on their unpaid training course which lasts one to two weeks.Unfortunately, employers don't view all native speakers as equal. ELK, Australian and other accents from economically strong nations are viewed as high status and are more sought after. Students tend to mimic the pronunciation of their teachers and any have distinct preferences about the accent they want to acquire. Countries that use English as Just one of their national languages often bring influences from the other language (or languages) into the pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary of their particular variety of English.Some students find Asian and African varieties of English, for example, less desirable than those of the single-language nations. Whatever your accent, practice speaking clearly and accurately. When you start approa ching schools, project a professional attitude, a sense of humor and an interest in meeting and helping people. Once you find work, you need more than a great accent to get through the lessons. If a choice of work comes your way, teaching conversation lessons is your best bet for easing yourself into TOEFL.Teaching conversation is a little easier because you can concentrate on teaching less technical areas like fluency, vocabulary and pronunciation and avoid tricky grammar questions until you build up your experience. It's inadvisable to advertise yourself as merely a teacher of conversation lessons though, as this can limit your 34 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFL chances of finding work and you may find yourself feeling pigeonholed even after eve expanded your skills. It pays to brush up on your own grammar anyway and take an interest in how the English language works. Look at Chapter 15 for info on grammar. ) Think about when and why you say the things you do. Getting initiated I f you intend to teach for more than a few months, make a reasonable living at TOEFL, and give your students value for money, you really should invest in a TOEFL certificate course of 100 hours or more. Teachers at this level are officially called TOEFL initiated. Most FEEL teachers remain at this level as this is what the majority of employers squire from Job applicants. Before enrolling on a certificate course, consider who you want to teach and where.Each country has its own standards and preferences, so failing to meet the criteria for visa applications and the standards set by local employers hampers your chances of finding work. The I-J TOEFL market is a prime example. The two strands of English course providers are the private sector and the public sector: Private sector: The more established private language schools tend to be accredited by the British Council who expect FEEL teachers to be graduates (in any lied) and to hold the CELT (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults) or qualifications.Other qualifications are technically acceptable but school managers have to Jump through hoops to convince inspectors that their teachers are worthy if they don't meet the British Council's standard for FEEL teaching qualifications or if their qualifications are not so well known. As a result they usually avoid hiring anyone who doesn't fit the profile or may cause them extra work. Public sector: On the other hand, in the public sector, schools and colleges have to meet ever changing government standards.So these days, all new teachers have to take a ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector' qualification. Unfortunately, one certificate alone won't easily grant you entry into both sectors. The point being that, if you know where, who and how you want to teach, you can do your research and select the right course. Look at TOEFL Job ads specific to the country you intend to work in and even call or email a few employers to find what exact ly they are looking for. If you need a work permit before you can work as a teacher in your chosen destination, check whether you qualify for one.If not, you may have to put in bit Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 35 more planning, otherwise you'll find yourself dependent on dodgy operators who run courses with poor facilities and ridiculously low pay. Find out too if the schools there have a strong preference for one qualification over another. Becoming a qualified teacher A fully qualified FEEL teacher is someone who has a diploma in TOEFL and has at least two years' full-time experience in teaching FEEL. The best-known diplomas are the Cambridge DELTA (Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults) and Trinity Dippiest (Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers ofOther Languages). You may also have a master's degree in LET or a similar field (such as Applied Linguistics) in addition to teaching experience. These qualifications are for people who want to make p rogress in their career and apply for managerial positions such as Director of Studies. You need a qualification like this if you're interested in training roles too. The good news is that all these positions attract higher pay and even if you're teaching the same courses as your less qualified colleagues, you're likely to have a better hourly rate than them.Diploma and master's-level courses are not for the faint hearted. You need to get thorough experience in TOEFL before considering a qualification at this level. Getting on Course After you decide that some form of training is in order, you need to find the right course. Doing a training course abroad may be cheaper than doing one at home. Entering introductory courses Various organizations offer weekend courses of about 20 hours that introduce you to TOEFL. Courses aren't accredited by any of the best-known bodies, so word of mouth is an important indicator of quality.Even though the certificate may have an accreditation stamp, it may be from an organization most employers haven't heard of. So it's worth finding out about the tutors' qualifications and experience and of what the course consists before parting with your cash. In most cases, courses have a minimum age requirement of 17 or 18. To be honest, you need to have an A-level standard education or similar to get your head around it all, but more importantly, you should have the confidence to manage people, which is something teenagers may struggle with unless they restrict themselves to teaching small children.There's no upper age limit, but once again, the pace is rather hectic on these courses. Be honest with yourself as you need to be the kind of person who can absorb knowledge quickly and put it into practice to get the most benefit out of these TOEFL weekend programmed. Trainees sometimes underestimate what is required of them and end up a little discouraged. So be warned. Weekend courses are fast and furious! If you're not a native speaker, you usually need to show that you've achieved an advanced level of English by passing an exam such as LILTS (International English Language Testing System) with a minimum band score of 7.However, even if you're a dative speaker, your grammar should be of a reasonably high standard or else you can find yourself doubting your English and losing the confidence of your students. You should know that your English is correct even if you cannot explain why yet. What you can do with this certificate A certificate from a weekend course tells employers that you're responsible enough to undergo basic training before applying for a Job. It doesn't mean that you're now a qualified FEEL teacher, regardless of what the advertisement says.In fact, after a training weekend, you're likely to feel a lot more enthusiastic and aware of what the job entails. You won't feel ready to go anywhere and teach anyone but at least you know a bit more about how to put a lesson together and the kind of the informatio n students need. View the course as a taster and tell employers that you're keen to develop your skills on the Job. What the course covers A weekend TOEFL course follows similar lines as a full TOEFL certificate because it touches on most of the same course components but in a very brief way.A weekend course should include: Basic grammar: There's far too much grammar in the English language to teach everything in such a short time, but the course should make you aware of different menses (you may think that there's a past, present and future tense and that's it, but believe me, the truth is a little more complicated). You usually touch on the different kinds of words you use in a sentence too – nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 37 Classroom techniques and activities: Very often the tutor treats you as though you're a foreign student and shows you how to handle warm-up activities and pair or group work in the classroom. Lesson planning: You should learn one of the different formats for planning a Essen so that you know in which order to do things and how to make your lessons fun and effective. An opportunity to practice teaching: You teach a mini lesson or part of a lesson to volunteer students or to your fellow trainees.The maximum class size should be about 20; a tutor can't effectively teach more than How much it costs A weekend course should be a lot cheaper (about 25 per cent of the cost) of a full certificate in a school, but don't forget to factor in the cost of accommodation and travel too. In the I-J courses cost approximately IEEE for 20 hours training. I- to- I (www. I-to-I. Mom) has been offering weekend TOEFL courses in the I-J, USA, Ireland, Canada and Australia for several years. Signing up for a certificate course TOEFL certificate courses come in a variety of packages these days.You can do intensive or part-time courses or complete a distance course online or by post. You have to b e at least 18 years old to do a TOEFL certificate in most cases, which is practical as you'll be managing people in your classroom. There's no upper age limit. Course providers generally prefer to take students with degrees or a good standard of education (good enough to go to university). Don't despair if you don't have any aroma qualifications though. It's worth speaking to the school or college in person. If it's satisfied that you have a good head on your shoulders and a respectable level of English, it may well accept you.Applicants with teaching experience are also favored. Most schools ask you to take a test to prove how good your English is, so inform the school beforehand if you have a learning difficulty that affects your writing. If you're a nonnative speaker, schools expect you to have an exam pass at advanced level in English as well. 38 part l: Getting started in TOEFL Intensive TOEFL courses last four or five weeks. Don't try to keep up your part-time Job or even your favorite TV show because every waking moment is filled with lesson plans and projects. However, this type of course is a great way to Jump in and get started.If that sounds a bit too much for you, plenty of courses are spread over three months or even a year, enabling you to attend sessions in the evenings and at weekends, so you can fit it in around your Job. In any case, you need over 100 hours of tuition, plus feedback and homework time to gain your certificate. With a bachelor or master's degree in any field and an FEEL teaching certificate you're eligible to apply for the majority of vacancies. To be honest, many university graduates have no idea what to do in a classroom so some employers bypass your level of education if you've managed to prove yourself and passed a certificate course.What the course covers The overall aim of certificate courses is to provide initial training for people who want to teach English to speakers of other languages and to make sure that they meet the criteria for teaching by demonstrating English usage accurately, by giving well balanced lessons and by evaluating their lessons. Objectives for the course usually include familiarizing trainees with all those areas that go into English language teaching – methodology, classroom procedures, techniques and aids, language awareness and testing.You have the opportunity to teach and to find out how to To help trainees learn about the main pronunciation, vocabulary and structural features of current English. To raise awareness of the learning needs of individuals or groups of learners and of the motivation they have in a variety of circumstances and environments. To make sure that trainees can work cooperatively as members of a teaching team or group. / To help trainees develop the ability to create and maintain the learners' interest and establish rapport.Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 39 To make sure that trainees can plan lessons with clear and achiev able aims using methods appropriate to the learners' levels of achievement and age. To give trainees basic classroom management skills and the ability to provide relevant activities. To make sure that trainees are able to use and adapt published teaching material and create their own basic teaching material. To highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of various language teaching approaches. To ensure that trainees can continue their development in TOEFL after completing the course.Before you start, the course provider sends you an FEEL reading list and often asks you to complete a work book that provides an introduction to three important areas of the course. One is the unknown language section, the second is a grammar section and the third section is about how to teach. Some courses include lessons in a foreign language so that you understand how the students in your class feel. Through these lessons you can gain the dual perspective of both a teacher and a student and expe rience various teaching techniques.You produce a project based on these lessons near the end of the course. Teaching practice is an essential part of the course so expect real live students to volunteer to take part in your lesson. You also have the opportunity to see various other experienced teachers at work and your tutor gives you continual advice, feedback and support. Courses with a learner profile project give you the opportunity to get to know one FEEL student a bit better and analyses their language skills in depth. For the project, you usually conduct an interview with the student and record it.In addition you set them a written task so that you can write about their strengths and weaknesses and discuss ways in which you would help them through FEEL lessons. You may teach one lesson with the student in which you address one of that student's weak points. A materials project is designed to help you use and adapt basic materials, such as a photograph, in the classroom. You'r e asked to show how to use the same set of materials with students of different levels and abilities. At the end of the course there's often a test on grammar and phonology (pronunciation). 40 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFLSpeak to local schools and colleges about their teacher training programmed. CELT and Trinity Creosotes are the most widely accepted certificates for the private sector check whether your university runs TOEFL courses in the summer. The average cost of the CELT and the Trinity Creosotes is II,OHO. You may need to consider accommodation and travel costs too if no course provider exists where you live. Keeping your distance Distance learning courses never share the same high profile as taught courses because they don't let you experience teaching practice, but they have their own advantages.Many people find it easier to fit the course into their normal lives by studying in this way. You can go at your own pace – and distance courses are a lot cheaper. On th e other hand, you may never meet a student until you're teaching a class yourself and your tutor can only offer feedback on your written work not your actual performance. So distance learning has a few disadvantages too. Many people who already have a suitable teaching qualification, such as a PACE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education), but have no experience in FEEL choose to take a distance course because the certificate itself is not as important for them.The skills to do with presentation, classroom management and lesson planning are transferable, so with this kind of course it's easier for the teacher to choose which areas to spend more time on. Overseas employers appreciate the fact that you've taken the trouble to study and get yourself a certificate, and this tends to carry more weight than the actual certificate itself. This is because the organizations offering distance courses aren't as well known as CELT or Trinity, which provide taught courses. This area of the market has far less quality control than taught courses.However, the College of Teachers is one body which accredits distance TESTS (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) courses as does ACTED, which is specifically for distance courses in TESTS. Courses accredited by these bodies offer a reasonable standard of professionalism and someone to talk to if the course or course provider falls seriously below your expectations. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 41 Most distance certificate courses run along the same lines as taught courses (see information in the preceding ‘Signing up for a certificate course').